Colorado is home to approximately 30 different snake species, found in diverse habitats across the state. These snakes have adapted to a wide range of environments, from arid plains to high-elevation areas. While their presence might be a concern for some, the vast majority of these species are harmless to humans. They play significant roles within their ecosystems, controlling rodent populations and serving as a food source for other wildlife.
Diverse Snake Species of Colorado
Colorado’s non-venomous snake population includes several common species. Garter snakes, such as the Plains Garter Snake and the Common Garter Snake, are widely distributed, often found in moist environments like marshes, meadows, and along the edges of ponds and streams. These snakes are relatively small, typically reaching lengths of up to 44 inches, and exhibit various color patterns, often featuring stripes. Their diet primarily consists of amphibians, fish, earthworms, and insects, making them beneficial for local ecosystems.
The Bullsnake is one of the largest snakes in Colorado, reaching lengths of 4 to 6 feet. These robust snakes are commonly found across grasslands, woodlands, and agricultural areas, particularly in the eastern parts of the state. Bullsnakes are highly effective at controlling rodent populations, making them valuable to farmers. When threatened, they may mimic rattlesnakes by hissing loudly and vibrating their tails, though they are not venomous.
The Coachwhip is a long, slender, and fast snake found primarily in southeastern Colorado, inhabiting dry grasslands, sandhills, and open woodlands. These diurnal snakes can grow up to 5 feet, displaying varied coloration from brown and gray to pink or red, often blending with their environment. Coachwhips are active hunters, preying on small mammals, birds, lizards, and other snakes, including rattlesnakes. Their speed allows them to pursue prey and escape threats.
Western Hognose Snakes, characterized by their distinctive upturned snout, are part of Colorado’s diverse non-venomous snake community. These snakes are known for a unique defensive behavior where they feign death, rolling onto their backs and remaining still if threatened. They primarily feed on toads, lizards, and reptile eggs. These non-venomous snakes are shy and avoid human interaction, posing no threat unless provoked.
Identifying Venomous Snakes
Colorado is home to three species of venomous snakes, all types of rattlesnakes: the Prairie Rattlesnake, the Midget Faded Rattlesnake, and the Western Massasauga Rattlesnake. These pit vipers possess specialized features that aid in identification. Caution is always advised as identification can be challenging. Understanding these characteristics is important for safety, as all rattlesnakes are equipped with venom to subdue their prey.
Rattlesnakes are most recognized by the segmented rattle at the end of their tail, which produces a warning sound when vibrated. However, young rattlesnakes may not have a fully developed rattle, and segments can break off, meaning its absence does not guarantee a snake is non-venomous. Rattlesnakes typically have a triangular or arrowhead-shaped head that is noticeably wider than their neck, accommodating their venom glands. This head shape is a useful indicator, though some non-venomous snakes can flatten their heads when threatened, mimicking this appearance.
Rattlesnakes, as pit vipers, have heat-sensing pits located between their eyes and nostrils. These pits allow them to detect the body heat of warm-blooded prey. Their pupils are elliptical and slit-like, resembling a cat’s eye, particularly in bright light, whereas most non-venomous snakes in Colorado have round pupils. Observing these features from a safe distance assists in identification.
Prairie Rattlesnakes are the most common venomous species, found statewide in various habitats below 9,000 feet. The Midget Faded Rattlesnake is smaller and primarily inhabits rocky hillsides and canyons in west-central Colorado, while the Western Massasauga Rattlesnake is localized to sandy grasslands in the southeastern part of the state. Rattlesnakes are active during warmer months (April to September), often becoming nocturnal during hot summer periods.
Safety and Prevention
Coexisting safely with snakes involves preventative measures around homes and during outdoor activities. To reduce the presence of snakes near residences, remove hiding spots like brush and rock piles, and keep grass trimmed. Controlling rodent populations, a primary food source, by securing trash and pet food, helps deter them. Sealing openings larger than a quarter-inch in foundations and around utility entry points can prevent snakes from entering structures.
When outdoors, wear sturdy footwear and remain aware of surroundings. Watch where you step and place hands, particularly near rocks or dense vegetation. If a snake is encountered, give it at least five feet of space, allowing it to move away naturally. Never provoke, handle, or kill a snake, as these actions often lead to bites.
In the rare event of a snake bite, especially from a rattlesnake, remaining calm is paramount to prevent rapid venom circulation. Immediately remove any jewelry or tight clothing from the affected area, as swelling will occur. The bitten limb should be immobilized and kept at or below heart level. Seek immediate medical attention; home remedies like tourniquets or cutting the wound are not recommended.