California is home to a diverse array of reptile life, and the state’s varied ecosystems—ranging from coastal scrub and mountain forests to arid deserts—provide suitable habitats for many different species of snakes. Visitors and residents share this landscape with these animals, from small, secretive species to some of the country’s most iconic serpents. Understanding the variety and behavior of these local creatures is key to safely enjoying California’s expansive wilderness areas.
The Answer: Yes, and Many Kinds
California is a biodiversity hotspot, hosting nearly 50 native snake species, the vast majority of which are non-venomous and harmless to humans. This large number of species reflects the state’s immense geographic and climatic diversity. Most of these snakes play a beneficial role in the ecosystem, acting as controllers of rodent and insect populations.
Common non-venomous species include the widely distributed Gopher Snake, often mistaken for a rattlesnake due to its defensive behavior of hissing and tail-shaking. The California Kingsnake, known for its striking banded pattern, is another common sight. It is notable for its ability to prey on other snakes, including venomous ones, due to its immunity to their venom. You might also encounter different types of Garter Snakes, which are frequently found near water sources and have distinct stripes running down their bodies.
Identifying California’s Venomous Snakes
While most of the state’s snakes are non-venomous, California is home to seven species of rattlesnakes, which are the only native venomous snakes found here. These pit vipers are distinguishable from non-venomous species by several physical characteristics. Rattlesnakes possess a broad, triangular-shaped head that is distinctly wider than their neck.
Rattlesnakes also have specialized heat-sensing pits situated between their eyes and nostrils, which help them locate prey even in darkness. The most obvious identifier is the rattle at the end of the tail, which is composed of interlocking segments of keratin. However, a snake that has lost its rattle or is a newborn with only a small “button” should still be treated with caution. Rattlesnakes are found in nearly every habitat across California, excluding only the most urban centers and the coldest high-elevation areas.
The most widespread species is the Western Rattlesnake, found in coastal and central regions. Desert areas are home to species like the Sidewinder, known for its unique sideways locomotion in the sand, and the Mohave Rattlesnake. The Red Diamond Rattlesnake is a large, heavy-bodied species generally restricted to Southern California, known for its reddish coloration and diamond-shaped markings. Recognizing the general characteristics of a rattlesnake is more important than identifying the specific species, as all should be given wide berth.
Coexisting Safely with Snakes
To safely share the environment with California’s snakes, focus on prevention and awareness, as rattlesnakes generally strike only when they feel threatened or are surprised. When hiking, wearing sturdy, over-the-ankle boots and long pants offers protection, and it is safest to stay on well-used trails. Never place your hands or feet into concealed areas like rock crevices, thick brush, or under logs without first checking visually.
To discourage snakes from entering your property, you should remove potential shelter and food sources by clearing dense brush, woodpiles, and controlling rodent populations around your home. If you encounter a snake, the proper response is to stop immediately and remain calm, then slowly back away from the animal, giving it plenty of room to retreat. Never attempt to handle, harass, or kill any snake, even if it appears dead, as a freshly killed snake can still reflexively inject venom.
In the rare event of a bite, seek medical attention at the nearest hospital immediately; call 911 or local emergency services. While waiting for help, keep the bitten area immobilized and positioned at or below the level of the heart to slow the spread of venom. Avoid attempting to cut the wound, suck out the venom, apply ice, or use a tourniquet, as these actions are ineffective and can cause additional tissue damage.