Yes, sharks do inhabit the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, but their presence often differs from popular perceptions. While the idea of sharks in a popular tourist destination may seem alarming, their interactions with humans are less dramatic than commonly imagined. This article explores the various shark species found in the Mediterranean and the likelihood of encountering them.
Shark Species of the Mediterranean
The Mediterranean Sea is home to a diverse array of shark species, with estimates suggesting between 47 and 80 types. Many are generally harmless to humans and are frequently encountered.
For instance, the blue shark is a common species, often inhabiting cooler, deeper waters, and poses little threat to people. Catsharks, small bottom-dwelling creatures, are also prevalent and are considered non-threatening due to their docile nature. Blacktip sharks, while fast swimmers, tend to be timid around humans and prefer shallow coastal areas. The basking shark, the largest shark in the Mediterranean, feeds on plankton and is completely harmless.
Some larger species, though present, are rarely encountered by humans and face significant conservation challenges. The great white shark, for example, is rare in the Mediterranean and its population is declining, listed as endangered in these waters. Similarly, various hammerhead shark species, including the great, smooth, and scalloped hammerheads, are found here; while they can be aggressive if provoked, encounters are infrequent. The shortfin mako shark, known for its speed and agility, also inhabits the Mediterranean but is an endangered species. Other formidable sharks like the tiger shark and bull shark are rarely seen, with their permanent residency in the Mediterranean unconfirmed.
The Mediterranean also hosts several deep-sea and less-known shark species that rarely come into contact with humans. Gulper sharks, which are small and endangered, typically reside in waters at least 720 feet deep. The bluntnose sixgill shark, a larger species, usually stays in deeper parts of the ocean but may venture into shallower waters at night to hunt. Other deep-sea inhabitants include the velvet-bellied lanternshark and the longnose polar shark, both of which prefer the isolation of greater depths.
Encounter Likelihood and Safety Measures
The likelihood of encountering a shark in the Mediterranean Sea, particularly a potentially dangerous one, is extremely low. Despite millions of tourists visiting its coastlines, shark attacks are exceedingly rare, with historical data indicating only 36 attacks over the past 150 years, 18 of which were fatal. Between 2000 and 2023, only 39 shark attacks were recorded across Europe, with just one fatality. Experts suggest the odds of being attacked by a shark are 1 in 4,332,817, making it less probable than being killed by a champagne cork or a falling television.
Most sharks are shy and generally avoid human activity. When bites occur, they are often exploratory, as sharks are not interested in humans as prey. Their populations are also declining significantly due to factors like overfishing, which further reduces encounter rates.
To minimize potential risk while swimming, general safety advice includes avoiding swimming alone and staying close to shore. It is advisable to avoid swimming at dawn or dusk, as these are times when some sharks may be more active feeders. Refraining from wearing shiny jewelry and entering the water with open wounds can also reduce potential attractants. Additionally, avoiding areas with murky water or known fishing activity, where baitfish might attract sharks, is a sensible precaution. If a shark is sighted, maintaining calm movements and leaving the water quickly while keeping eye contact is recommended.