Alaska’s vast and often frigid waters might not immediately bring sharks to mind, yet these powerful marine predators do inhabit the region. A diverse array of shark species thrives across Alaska’s marine environments, from the Gulf of Alaska to the Bering Sea, adapted to the colder temperatures.
Types of Sharks Found in Alaska
Three shark species are commonly found in Alaskan waters. The salmon shark (Lamna ditropis) is a prominent inhabitant, known for its ability to maintain a body temperature warmer than the surrounding water (homeothermy). This adaptation allows it to pursue fast-moving prey like salmon, its primary food source, even in cold northern Pacific waters. Salmon sharks typically range from 6.5 to 8 feet long, though some can exceed 10 feet and weigh over 660 pounds. They are often observed in coastal areas like Prince William Sound during salmon runs, sometimes hunting in groups to encircle and tire out fish schools.
The Pacific sleeper shark (Somniosus pacificus) is the largest shark in Alaskan waters, potentially reaching lengths of 23 feet. Despite its name, this deep-water shark is an active, stealth predator that can glide through the water with minimal movement, making little noise to avoid detection. Its diet includes a variety of prey, from flounder and pollock to squid, and larger individuals may even prey on marine mammals. Pacific sleeper sharks primarily inhabit deep ocean environments, making them elusive and challenging to study.
The spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi) is a smaller, widespread shark in Alaska, typically measuring 3 to 4 feet in length. These sharks are often found in large schools, sometimes numbering in the hundreds or thousands, and are opportunistic feeders consuming fish, squid, and crustaceans. They possess sharp, venomous spines in front of their dorsal fins, used for defense. Spiny dogfish are known for their exceptionally long gestation period, which can last up to 24 months, and their ability to undertake long-distance migrations.
Other shark species occasionally venture into Alaskan waters. Rare sightings of great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) have been recorded, though they are not considered residents. Blue sharks and six-gill sharks may also occur in Alaskan waters on an occasional basis.
Shark Encounters and Safety in Alaskan Waters
Despite the presence of various shark species, encounters with humans in Alaskan waters, particularly those resulting in injury, are exceedingly rare. Most of the sharks inhabiting Alaska prefer deep, cold waters or specific prey, limiting their interaction with people. The vastness of the Alaskan marine environment also contributes to the low frequency of human-shark encounters. Historical data indicates a negligible number of unprovoked shark attacks in the region.
For individuals enjoying Alaska’s marine environments, general water safety practices are important. Being aware of your surroundings and avoiding areas where marine life, particularly prey species like salmon, are highly active can reduce the chances of an unexpected encounter. It is advisable to avoid attracting marine animals by refraining from discarding food or fish waste into the water.
Water users should always prioritize cold-water safety, as Alaskan waters remain cold even during summer months. Wearing appropriate thermal protection, such as wetsuits or dry suits, is important to guard against hypothermia. Additionally, always wearing a U.S. Coast Guard-approved life jacket and informing others of your float plan before heading out are important safety measures.
Sharks serve as apex predators within their ecosystems, playing a role in maintaining the balance of marine populations. They contribute to the health of ocean habitats by preying on sick or overabundant animals, which helps regulate the food web. These creatures are a part of the natural marine environment and generally do not pose a threat to humans.