Scorpions are arachnids often associated with arid, desert environments. Despite this common perception, scorpions are found in temperate and humid climates, including the Appalachian region of the eastern United States. Scorpions are native to West Virginia, though they are generally small and nocturnal. They spend most of their time hidden, making encounters uncommon, but they are a natural part of the state’s wildlife.
The Specific Scorpion Species Found in West Virginia
The only species of scorpion regularly encountered in West Virginia is the Southern Unstriped Scorpion, scientifically known as Vaejovis carolinianus. This species is the sole scorpion found in much of the Appalachian states, east of the Mississippi River. The Southern Unstriped Scorpion is small, typically reaching a length of only 1 to 1.5 inches when fully grown. Its coloration is generally a uniform brown, dark reddish-brown, or nearly black across its carapace and abdomen, which helps it blend into the leaf litter and soil where it resides. The Southern Unstriped Scorpion has a relatively wide tail and a thick stinger, distinguishing it from larger, more dangerous species found in the desert Southwest.
Where Scorpions Live and Hide
The habitat of the Southern Unstriped Scorpion is mesic mixed woodlands, which are moist forested areas common in the Appalachian range. They are predatory arachnids that rely on moisture and prefer to hide in dark, sheltered locations during the day. Outdoors, these scorpions are typically found:
- Under loose tree bark.
- In leaf litter.
- Beneath logs.
- Under stones.
Around homes, they may be encountered in woodpiles, rock piles, or within the brick and stone of foundations. Scorpions may wander into human structures, especially basements and crawlspaces, often entering through small gaps. Their presence indoors is often accidental, sometimes hitchhiking inside on firewood, as they seek out humid environments where their prey are found.
Assessing the Danger Level
The risk posed by the Southern Unstriped Scorpion is considered low, as its venom is not medically significant for most people. While all scorpions possess venom and can sting, the Vaejovis carolinianus sting is generally comparable in sensation to a bee or wasp sting. The most common reaction is localized pain, a burning sensation, and minor swelling at the sting site, which usually subsides within a few hours to a day.
Any scorpion sting should be taken seriously, particularly for small children, the elderly, or individuals with known allergies to insect stings. If a sting occurs, the area should be cleaned with soap and water, and a cold compress can be applied to reduce pain and swelling. Signs of a severe allergic reaction, such as difficulty breathing, extreme swelling beyond the sting site, or widespread systemic symptoms, require immediate medical attention.