Scorpions are found across the United States, inhabiting various regions, from deserts to humid environments. Though often associated with the Southwest, they adapt to diverse climates and are found in many states. Understanding their habitats, species, and sting responses helps residents and visitors navigate scorpion-prone areas.
Scorpion Habitats Across the US
Scorpions are common in the Southwest United States. States like Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Texas have large populations due to their desert and semi-arid climates. They also extend east into Arkansas, Louisiana, Florida, and north to Nebraska, Iowa, and parts of the Pacific Northwest.
Nocturnal, they seek shelter during the day to avoid heat and conserve moisture. They hide under rocks, logs, tree bark, and debris. Many species burrow several feet deep in soil for suitable conditions. Scorpions can enter human dwellings, seeking refuge in cool, dark places like foundation cracks, wall voids, or cluttered areas.
Key Scorpion Species in the US
About 90 scorpion species inhabit the United States. The Arizona bark scorpion (Centruroides sculpturatus) is the only medically significant species in the country. This small scorpion, typically 2-3 inches long, has a light brown or tan body with slender pincers and tail. Common in Arizona, its range extends into California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Texas, often preferring riparian habitats.
Its sting causes severe pain, numbness, tingling, muscle twitching, and sometimes difficulty breathing or convulsions. Fatalities are rare, but medical attention is often necessary, especially for young children and older adults, who are more susceptible to severe reactions. Other notable species include the Arizona giant hairy scorpion (Hadrurus arizonensis), the largest in the US at up to 5.5 inches, and the striped-tail scorpion (Paravaejovis spinigerus). Both deliver painful but generally not medically dangerous stings.
Scorpion Stings: What to Do
For a scorpion sting, immediate first aid can manage symptoms. Clean the sting site with mild soap and water to prevent infection. Apply a cool compress or ice pack to the affected area for 10-15 minutes to reduce pain and swelling. Keep the stung limb elevated and still to help prevent venom spread.
Over-the-counter pain relievers, like acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can alleviate discomfort. However, certain symptoms require immediate medical attention. These include severe or worsening pain, muscle twitching, difficulty breathing, slurred speech, or unusual eye movements. Contact a poison control center at 1-800-222-1222 or seek emergency medical care, especially for children, the elderly, or those with severe systemic reactions.
Preventing Scorpion Encounters
To minimize scorpion encounters, especially indoors, implement several preventative measures. Seal potential entry points around your home; scorpions can squeeze through gaps as narrow as 1/16 inch. Inspect and seal cracks in foundations, around windows, doors, and utility pipe openings.
Removing outdoor harborage sites near your home deters scorpions. Clear away piles of wood, rocks, debris, and leaf litter from your house’s perimeter. Indoors, reduce clutter in closets, cabinets, and storage areas, as scorpions favor dark, undisturbed hiding spots. Always shake out shoes, clothing, and bedding before use, especially where scorpions are common. Using a blacklight at night can detect scorpions, as their exoskeletons fluoresce under ultraviolet light, making them easier to spot and remove.