Rattlesnakes are present across Texas, which is home to approximately ten species and subspecies, second only to Arizona in the United States. Rattlesnakes belong to the pit viper subfamily, characterized by a heat-sensing pit organ located between the eye and the nostril, which helps them locate warm-blooded prey. These snakes are widely distributed throughout the state, though some species are confined to specific ecological regions.
Identifying Rattlesnakes in Texas
The Western Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) is the most common and widespread venomous snake in Texas, found almost everywhere except the easternmost parts of the state. This species is easily recognizable by its thick body, large triangular head, and the distinct pattern of dark, diamond-shaped blotches running down its back. A key identifying feature is the tail, which has alternating black and white rings, often called a “coon tail,” just before the rattle.
The Mojave Rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus) is found only in the extreme western regions of Texas, particularly near the Rio Grande. It looks similar to the Western Diamondback but is generally smaller and more slender. This species is notable for its venom profile; while many Texas populations display the tissue-destroying hemotoxic venom common in pit vipers, some Mojave populations possess a potent neurotoxin that affects the nervous system.
A smaller species, the Western Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus), is found primarily in the grasslands of north central Texas. Unlike the larger rattlesnakes, the Massasauga has nine large scale plates on the top of its head and a comparatively smaller rattle. The Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), also known as the Canebrake Rattlesnake, is found in the eastern third of the state and is identified by its dark crossbands over a brown or tan body, with a tail that is entirely black.
Geographic Distribution and Preferred Habitats
Rattlesnakes inhabit a diverse range of environments across Texas, from the desert flats to the wooded river bottoms. The Western Diamondback is highly adaptable, thriving in the dry, rocky areas, grasslands, and brush of Central, West, and South Texas. In the arid regions of West Texas and the Trans-Pecos, species like the Black-tailed and Rock Rattlesnakes are common, often utilizing rocky outcrops, canyons, and boulder fields for shelter.
The eastern third of the state, with its more humid climate, is home to the Timber Rattlesnake, which favors lowland forests, wooded areas, and thickets near water sources. Smaller species like the Western Pygmy Rattlesnake are also dispersed through East Texas. Rattlesnake activity is highly seasonal, peaking from March through October.
During intense summer heat, rattlesnakes become nocturnal, shifting activity to cooler hours. They seek shelter in places like rocky formations, crevices, and under logs or brush. They are also drawn to areas with water sources, like leaky hoses or pet bowls, and around human dwellings where rodents are present.
Prevention and Safety Measures
Practicing vigilance is the most effective way to prevent a rattlesnake encounter, especially when hiking or spending time outdoors between spring and fall. Wearing appropriate footwear, such as over-the-ankle hiking boots and long pants, offers a physical barrier against a strike. Always stick to well-used trails and avoid walking through tall grass or heavy brush where snakes may be concealed.
Never place hands or feet into areas you cannot clearly see, such as under logs, rocks, or brush piles. When stepping over a fallen tree or rock, step up onto it first to check for a snake on the other side. Homeowners can reduce the risk by keeping lawns trimmed low and removing woodpiles, rock piles, and debris that snakes might use for shelter.
If a bite occurs, remain calm and call 911 or safely transport the victim to the nearest hospital. Do not attempt to restrict blood flow with a tourniquet, cut the wound, or suck out the venom, as these actions are medically unsound. The bitten limb should be immobilized, and constricting items like rings or watches should be removed before swelling begins. Note the time of the bite, and if possible, take a photograph of the snake from a safe distance for identification, but do not risk a second bite.