Rattlesnakes are present in Pennsylvania, inhabiting various regions across the state. These reptiles are a natural part of Pennsylvania’s diverse ecosystem, contributing to ecological balance by controlling small mammal populations.
Rattlesnake Presence in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania is home to two native rattlesnake species: the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) and the Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus). The Timber Rattlesnake is more widespread, found across most of the state, while the Eastern Massasauga is much rarer, primarily in the northwestern corner.
Timber Rattlesnakes are stout-bodied snakes that can reach lengths of up to 5 feet, commonly 3 to 4.5 feet. Their coloration varies, often presenting as brown or black bands against a yellow to black background. A distinctive triangular head and a rattle at the end of their black tail distinguish them from other snakes.
Habitats and Behavior
Timber Rattlesnakes typically inhabit mountainous or hilly deciduous forests, preferring areas with rocky outcrops, ledges, and rock slides. They use these rocky features for den sites, known as hibernacula, usually found on south-facing slopes for winter shelter. In spring, rattlesnakes emerge from these dens to bask in sunny, open areas.
Males and non-pregnant females disperse from den sites after shedding in June, moving into surrounding forested areas to forage for prey. Pregnant females remain closer to the den, often in open rock habitats, to ensure sufficient sun exposure for gestation. Timber Rattlesnakes are generally reclusive and not aggressive, preferring to remain unnoticed or retreat when encountered.
Safety and Encounters
Encountering a rattlesnake is possible in their preferred habitats. Always be aware of your surroundings, especially when hiking or spending time in rocky or densely vegetated areas. Wearing closed-toe shoes, such as high-topped hiking boots, and long pants can offer some protection. Before sitting down or reaching into areas like rock piles, logs, or dense brush, visually inspect the space.
If a rattlesnake is spotted, maintain a safe distance (at least three feet) and avoid sudden movements that might provoke it. Never attempt to handle a rattlesnake, even if it appears dead, as muscle spasms can still result in a bite. Most snakebites occur when people try to interact with or handle them.
In the event of a rattlesnake bite, immediate medical attention is necessary; call 911 or proceed to the nearest emergency room without delay. While awaiting medical help, remain calm to help slow the spread of venom. Remove any constricting items like rings or tight clothing from the bitten limb, as swelling will occur. Wash the bite area gently with soap and water, and cover it with a clean, dry dressing. Do not attempt to use a tourniquet, cut the wound, apply ice, or try to suck out the venom, as these actions are not effective and can cause further harm.
Conservation Efforts
Rattlesnakes in Pennsylvania are protected species. The Timber Rattlesnake was formerly a candidate species, but was removed from this list in 2016 due to stable populations based on PFBC research. Despite this change, the species remains protected under state regulations. The Eastern Massasauga is federally threatened and protected by both state and federal laws.
The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission manages and protects these snakes. They conduct research, monitor populations, and comment on development projects that could impact rattlesnake habitats. Permits are required to hunt, take, or possess Timber Rattlesnakes in Pennsylvania, and strict regulations are in place regarding their collection. Conservation efforts also focus on preserving their habitats, as habitat loss and human persecution have historically contributed to population declines.