Yes, rattlesnakes are present in Oklahoma, which is home to multiple species of these venomous pit vipers. The state’s diverse geography, ranging from eastern forests to western prairies, creates suitable habitats for several types. Understanding the presence and characteristics of these reptiles is the first step toward safely sharing the environment with them.
Species of Rattlesnakes Found in Oklahoma
Oklahoma is home to five distinct species of rattlesnakes. The largest and most widely recognized is the Western Diamondback Rattlesnake, which can grow to over five feet long. It is characterized by dark, diamond-shaped blotches bordered by a lighter color along its back. Its tail is banded with bold black and white rings, often leading to the nickname “coon-tailed rattler.”
The Prairie Rattlesnake is typically found in the western and panhandle regions. This medium-sized snake features dark brown blotches, which can be oval or hexagonal, running down its body. Its coloration is often grayish-brown or yellowish-brown, sometimes with a greenish tint that helps it blend into prairie grasses. This species is known for its large rattle.
The Timber Rattlesnake, also called the Canebrake Rattlesnake, is encountered in forested areas in the eastern and south-central parts of the state. This heavy-bodied snake has a light brown or grayish base color with dark, V-shaped crossbands. It is notable for its entirely black or dark gray tail, which often has a velvety appearance. Southern forms may also display a reddish-orange stripe down the middle of their back.
The two smaller species are the Western Massasauga and the Western Pygmy Rattlesnake. The Western Massasauga is generally under two and a half feet, with a light brown or gray body covered in dark brown blotches. It is sometimes called the “Buzztail” because its small rattle produces a quiet, insect-like buzzing sound that is difficult to hear.
The Western Pygmy Rattlesnake is the smallest, measuring 15 to 24 inches. It is found primarily in southeastern Oklahoma, often near water sources. It has a tiny rattle and a slender body with dark oval spots on a gray base, sometimes featuring a reddish stripe down the center of its back.
Typical Habitats and Distribution Across Oklahoma
The distribution of rattlesnakes across Oklahoma is tied to the state’s varied landscapes. The arid, open grasslands, canyons, and scrubland of the western half, including the Panhandle, are the primary territories for the Western Diamondback and Prairie Rattlesnake. These species are adapted to dry environments and often utilize rodent burrows, rocky outcrops, and prairie dog towns for shelter and hibernation.
Moving eastward, the environment shifts to include more rocky, forested areas and wetlands, which dictates the range of other species. The Timber Rattlesnake and the Western Pygmy Rattlesnake are generally found east of Interstate 35 and into the southeastern corners. Timber rattlesnakes prefer dense forests, rocky outcrops that provide den sites, and river floodplains.
The Western Massasauga has a patchy distribution that favors mesic grasslands, prairies, and areas near wetlands in central and western Oklahoma. Rattlesnakes rely on external temperatures, often seeking sunny spots to bask in the morning. They retreat to cool, shaded areas or burrows during the midday heat of summer. Rocky areas that offer shelter and basking opportunities are favored habitats across the state.
Avoiding Encounters and Safety Measures
Proactive behavior and appropriate attire are the most effective ways to prevent an encounter with a rattlesnake. When walking outdoors in rattlesnake territory, wear sturdy, over-the-ankle hiking boots and long pants, as this provides a layer of defense against a potential bite. Avoiding tall grass, heavy underbrush, and rocky crevices where snakes often hide is recommended.
Rattlesnakes are ectothermic, meaning their activity is governed by temperature, so they shift their schedule seasonally. During the hot summer months, they are most active during the cooler hours of dawn, dusk, and at night to avoid overheating. During the spring and fall, they may be more active during the day, seeking sun to warm up.
Never place your hands or feet into an area you cannot visually inspect, such as under logs, rocks, or woodpiles. When stepping over a log or rock, always step onto it first, rather than stepping blindly on the far side, as a snake may be concealed there. Using a walking stick to tap the ground ahead of you can create vibrations that encourage a snake to move away before you reach it.
Immediate Steps Following a Bite
If a rattlesnake bite occurs, the most important action is to remain calm and immediately call emergency services (911). Panic or excessive movement will increase the heart rate and speed up the circulation of the venom throughout the body. The goal is to get medical attention, specifically antivenom, as quickly as possible.
While waiting for help, remove any jewelry, watches, or tight clothing from the bitten limb before swelling begins. Keep the affected limb immobilized and positioned at or slightly below the level of the heart to slow the spread of venom. Wash the bite area gently with soap and water if available, but do not flush the wound aggressively.
Avoid outdated first-aid measures that can cause more harm. Never attempt to cut the wound, suck out the venom, or apply a tourniquet or ice to the site. Tourniquets can cause severe tissue damage, and applying ice can worsen the injury. Do not consume alcohol or caffeine, as these can increase circulation and accelerate the venom’s effects.