Virginia is home to several species of native snakes, three of which are venomous pit vipers: the Eastern Copperhead, the Timber Rattlesnake, and the Northern Cottonmouth (also known as the Water Moccasin). The term “poisonous” is often used incorrectly when referring to snakes, as poison is ingested or absorbed, while venom is actively injected. Understanding how to identify these snakes and where they live is crucial for safety.
Identifying Virginia’s Venomous Species
All three venomous snakes in Virginia belong to the pit viper family, sharing common physical characteristics that distinguish them from non-venomous species. These traits include a noticeably triangular or spade-shaped head that is much wider than their neck, vertical pupils resembling a cat’s eye, and a heat-sensing pit located between the eye and the nostril on each side of the head. Additionally, pit vipers typically have a single row of scales on the underside of their tail after the anal plate, unlike non-venomous snakes which have a double row.
The Eastern Copperhead is the most commonly encountered venomous snake in the state, recognized by its distinctive color pattern. Its body is generally a pinkish-tan to light-brown color overlaid with dark-brown or chestnut hourglass-shaped crossbands. These crossbands are wide on the sides and narrow across the back, giving the appearance of a series of “Hershey’s Kisses” down the length of the snake. Juvenile copperheads have the same pattern as adults but feature a bright, sulfur-yellow tip on their tail, which they use to lure prey.
The Timber Rattlesnake is a heavy-bodied snake, often reaching lengths upwards of five feet, and is easily identified by the segmented rattle at the tip of its tail. Their coloration varies widely, ranging from yellow to gray or black, with dark bands or chevron-shaped crossbands running across the body. Timber Rattlesnakes are known for their shy nature and generally prefer to remain hidden, only striking when they feel threatened.
The Northern Cottonmouth, or Water Moccasin, is a semi-aquatic pit viper with a stout body that can appear dark olive, brown, or almost uniformly black as an adult. When threatened, this snake performs a defensive display, coiling its body and opening its mouth wide to reveal the white, cotton-like interior that gives it its common name. Unlike non-venomous water snakes, the Cottonmouth tends to swim with its entire body floating on the surface of the water.
Where Venomous Snakes Live in Virginia
The geographic distribution of these three species varies significantly across the state. The Eastern Copperhead is the most widespread, found throughout Virginia, with the exception of the barrier islands. They are highly adaptable, inhabiting a variety of environments from forests and rocky outcrops to the edges of suburban and urban areas. Copperheads frequently seek shelter in woodpiles, stone walls, and under debris, making them a common sight near human dwellings.
The Timber Rattlesnake’s range is more restricted, generally found in two distinct populations within Virginia. The main population is located in the mountainous and western regions, including the Appalachian and Blue Ridge areas. These snakes prefer remote, densely wooded areas, rocky outcrops, and talus slopes for their dens and hibernacula. A smaller, isolated population, sometimes referred to as the Canebrake Rattlesnake, exists in the extreme southeastern corner of the state.
The Northern Cottonmouth has the most limited distribution of the three, found exclusively in the southeastern coastal plain of Virginia. Their range is mostly restricted to areas south of the James River, and they are most common in the Chesapeake and Virginia Beach regions. As a semi-aquatic species, their preferred habitats are lowland areas such as swamps, freshwater and brackish marshes, and along the edges of slow-moving rivers and ditches.
Preventing Encounters and Emergency Response
The most effective way to prevent a snake bite is to avoid encountering the animal. When spending time in areas where venomous snakes are known to live, wear appropriate footwear, such as sturdy, high-top leather boots or hiking boots. Avoid placing hands or feet into blind spots, such as under logs, rocks, brush piles, or in thick undergrowth.
Managing your property is another effective preventative measure. Keep grass mowed short and remove piles of wood, rock, and other debris that can serve as attractive cover and hiding spots for snakes. Many bites occur when people attempt to capture, harass, or kill a snake, so leave the animal alone if encountered.
If a bite does occur, it is a medical emergency, and the immediate priority is to get professional medical help by calling 911. Keep the person calm and still, and try to keep the bitten extremity at or below the level of the heart to slow the spread of venom. Remove any tight clothing, rings, or jewelry from the affected limb before swelling begins.
While awaiting medical attention, never apply a tourniquet, cut the wound, or attempt to suck out the venom. Applying ice or cold compresses is also counterproductive and should be avoided. Do not waste time attempting to kill or capture the animal.