Vermont’s diverse natural landscape supports a variety of wildlife, including several species of reptiles. Many people are curious about the types of snakes that inhabit the state and whether any pose a risk. Understanding the local snake population helps promote both human safety and the conservation of these animals.
Vermont’s Venomous Snakes
Vermont is home to only one venomous snake species, the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus). These snakes are identifiable by their thick bodies, typically ranging from two to four feet in length. Their coloration can vary, presenting as black, brown, tan, or yellow, often with dark W-shaped crossbands across their backs. A distinctive yellowish-tan rattle is present at the end of their black tails.
In Vermont, their presence is largely restricted to a few towns within western Rutland County, where only two confirmed populations exist. This species is considered endangered in Vermont and is protected by law, making it illegal to harm or harass them. Encounters with Timber Rattlesnakes are rare, and bites are uncommon.
Common Non-Venomous Snakes in Vermont
Most of the eleven snake species found in Vermont are non-venomous and harmless. These snakes play a beneficial role in the ecosystem by helping to manage populations of rodents and insects. Common species that residents might encounter include the Eastern Milk Snake, the Common Garter Snake, and the Northern Water Snake.
Eastern Milk Snakes are often mistaken for rattlesnakes because they can vibrate their tails when threatened, creating a rattling sound if against dry leaves. They have distinctive patterns of dark blotches on a gray or tan background, sometimes with a V or Y-shaped mark on their heads, and typically measure between 24 to 36 inches. Common Garter Snakes reach about two to two-and-a-half feet long, and are recognized by the long, thin stripes running down their bodies. They adapt to various habitats, including urban and agricultural areas. The Northern Water Snake, the only water snake in the state, is characterized by its wide, heavy body and brown, gray, or tan coloration, commonly found near rivers, lakes, and ponds.
Safety and Encounter Guidelines
Understanding snake behavior can help prevent unwanted encounters. When spending time outdoors in Vermont, especially in wooded or rocky areas, wearing long pants and sturdy footwear is advisable. Staying on marked trails and being mindful of where you step or place your hands can also reduce the risk of surprising a snake. Snakes are often drawn to woodpiles, stone walls, and gardens, seeking shelter or prey.
If you encounter any snake, it is important to maintain a safe distance and leave it undisturbed. Most snakes will move away if given space. Never attempt to provoke, handle, or capture a snake, even if it appears harmless. In the unlikely event of a snake bite, especially if the snake is suspected to be venomous, immediate medical attention is necessary.
Call 911 or the poison control center at 1-800-222-1222 without delay. Remain calm and still, and remove any jewelry or tight clothing from the affected limb before swelling begins. Clean the bite area with soap and water, and keep the bitten part of the body as still as possible and at heart level. Do not attempt to cut the wound, suck out venom, apply ice, or use a tourniquet.