Montana’s diverse landscapes are home to a wide array of wildlife. A common inquiry concerns the types of snakes that inhabit the state and whether any pose a venomous threat. Understanding native snake species is important for safe outdoor recreation and appreciating Montana’s unique ecosystems.
Venomous Snakes in Montana: The Reality
Montana is home to ten native snake species, but only one is venomous. The Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) is the sole venomous snake found within the state. These pit vipers are distributed across Montana, inhabiting areas below 6,400 to 6,500 feet in elevation. They are not found in the northwestern corner of the state, including Glacier National Park.
Identifying Montana’s Rattlesnakes
Identifying a Prairie Rattlesnake involves recognizing several distinct physical characteristics. Adults typically have a triangular-shaped head, a blunt nose, and a narrower neck compared to their stout body. Their eyes feature elliptical, cat-like pupils, and they possess heat-sensing pits between each nostril and eye, which aid in locating prey.
Their coloration ranges from pale green to brown, often with a pattern of brown or black blotches along their backs. These blotches may merge into rings towards the tail, which ends in a keratin rattle. While the rattle is a hallmark, rattlesnakes can sometimes lack or lose them, and other non-venomous snakes may vibrate their tails, creating a similar sound. Prairie Rattlesnakes measure between 24 to 45 inches, though some can reach up to 60 inches. They favor open, arid country, rocky outcrops, and south-facing slopes, often found near water sources or in ponderosa pine stands.
Safe Encounters and Prevention
Encountering a snake in the wild requires caution and respect for its space. If you encounter a rattlesnake, maintain a safe distance, ideally 10 to 20 feet, and slowly back away. Never attempt to provoke, handle, or kill a rattlesnake, as most bites occur when individuals try to interact with them. Even freshly killed rattlesnakes can still inject venom through reflex biting.
Preventative measures can reduce the risk of an encounter. When hiking or recreating outdoors, wear closed-toed footwear, such as stout leather boots that extend above the ankle. Stay on marked trails and always watch where you step and place your hands, especially near rock piles, logs, or dense brush where snakes might hide or bask. Being aware of your surroundings in known rattlesnake habitats during warmer months enhances safety.
What to Do After a Snake Bite
If a snake bite occurs, seek immediate medical attention by calling 911 or local emergency services. Remaining calm is important, as anxiety and movement can hasten venom spread. Move away from the snake to prevent further bites and remove any jewelry or constricting items from the bitten limb, as swelling can occur rapidly.
Gently wash the bite area with soap and water, then cover it with a clean, dry dressing. Keep the bitten limb immobilized and, if possible, position it at or slightly below heart level to help slow venom circulation. Avoid actions that can cause more harm, such as cutting the wound, attempting to suck out venom, applying ice, or using a tourniquet. Refrain from consuming alcohol or caffeine, as these can accelerate venom absorption. Do not try to capture or kill the snake; instead, try to remember its appearance for medical professionals.