Many people wonder if amphibians like frogs and toads found in their backyards or local natural areas pose a threat. This article addresses these concerns by explaining amphibian toxins and the reality of frogs and toads in Tennessee.
Defining “Poisonous” in Amphibians
The terms “poisonous” and “venomous” are often used interchangeably, but they describe different biological mechanisms. A poisonous animal secretes toxins harmful when ingested or absorbed through mucous membranes. In contrast, venomous animals inject toxins, typically through a bite or sting. Most amphibians, including frogs and toads, are poisonous, meaning their defense involves toxins on their skin.
Amphibian skin secretions act as a defense against predators but are generally not designed to harm humans through casual contact. These secretions range from mildly irritating to more potent, depending on the species and toxin amount. While some toxins can cause irritation if they contact eyes or mucous membranes, severe reactions in humans from touching common amphibians are rare.
Frogs and Toads of Tennessee: The Reality
Tennessee is home to 21 distinct frog and toad species, none posing a significant threat to humans like “poison dart frogs.” Many species, especially toads, produce skin secretions as a defense mechanism, primarily effective against predators. For example, the American Toad, common throughout Tennessee, secretes bufotoxin from glands behind its eyes. This milky substance deters predators like dogs, causing symptoms such as drooling or pawing at the mouth if ingested.
However, American Toad bufotoxin is a mild poison for humans, generally causing irritation only if it contacts sensitive areas like eyes or the mouth. Other common Tennessee species, such as the Green Tree Frog or American Bullfrog, secrete less potent substances, mainly to keep their skin moist or deter microbial growth. The Pickerel Frog’s skin secretions can be irritating if handled, but are not deadly. Direct harm to humans from these amphibians through casual handling is highly unlikely.
Safe Interaction with Amphibians
When encountering wild amphibians, observe them from a distance for the well-being of both the animal and observer. If handling is necessary, minimize it, as human skin oils and chemicals can harm their delicate, permeable skin. Always wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after any contact with amphibians or their habitats to prevent exposure to mild irritants or bacteria like Salmonella.
If accidental skin contact occurs, especially with secretions, immediately wash the exposed area with warm water and antibacterial soap. Avoid touching your face, particularly eyes and mouth, before washing your hands. While serious harm from Tennessee amphibians is highly improbable, good hygiene after any wildlife encounter ensures safety.