Hawaii is home to a unique native owl species. While many associate owls with nocturnal activity, the islands host a distinct owl population that is active during daylight hours. This native bird holds a special place in Hawaii’s natural landscape and cultural heritage, making it a subject of considerable interest for both science and tradition.
The Pueo: Hawaii’s Native Owl
The native owl of Hawaii is known as the Pueo, or Hawaiian Short-eared Owl, scientifically classified as Asio flammeus sandwichensis. This subspecies is readily distinguished from the introduced Barn Owl by its piercing yellow eyes, mottled brown plumage, and a white ring framing its face. Pueo are found across all the main Hawaiian Islands, inhabiting elevations from sea level up to 2,450 meters (8,000 feet).
While the introduced Barn Owl is often seen at night, the Pueo is notably active during the day, particularly at dawn and dusk. This diurnal behavior allows it to be observed soaring over open areas. The Pueo’s presence contributes to the islands’ unique biodiversity, representing a significant avian predator in the local ecosystem.
Origin and Conservation
The Pueo is considered an endemic subspecies. While the exact timing is debated, the Pueo is thought to have colonized the Hawaiian Islands sometime after the arrival of Polynesians, with its establishment potentially linked to the introduction of rats by early voyagers. This connection suggests its presence was influenced by early human activity, alongside natural dispersal.
The conservation status of the Pueo varies across the islands. It is state-listed as endangered on O’ahu, and recognized as an imperiled subspecies overall. Threats to the Pueo population include habitat loss and degradation, particularly the conversion of open grasslands to development or agriculture. Introduced mammalian predators such as rats, cats, and the small Indian mongoose pose a considerable threat to ground-nesting Pueo eggs and young. Additionally, “sick owl syndrome,” potentially related to pesticide poisoning or food shortages, and vehicular collisions contribute to population declines. Despite these challenges, the Pueo exhibits some resistance to avian malaria and pox, diseases that have affected other native Hawaiian birds.
Unique Traits and Habits
Weighing between 7.3 and 16.8 ounces, this owl has black-rimmed yellow eyes and small, often concealed ear-tufts situated close together on its forehead. Its body feathers are typically mottled brown with dark centers and pale edges, and feathers extend down to its talons. Unlike most owl species, the Pueo is primarily diurnal, actively hunting during the day, especially in the mornings and late afternoons.
Pueo occupy a variety of habitats, including wet and dry forests, but are most commonly found in open areas such as grasslands, shrublands, and montane parklands. They hunt by hovering or soaring low over these open fields, using their keen eyesight to spot prey. Their diet primarily consists of small mammals like introduced mice and rats, though they also consume insects and occasionally small birds. When breeding, Pueo build simple nests as scrapes on the ground, lined with grasses and feather down. Females perform incubation and brooding, while males provide food and defend the nest. Chicks hatch asynchronously and may fledge from the nest on foot before they can fly, remaining dependent on their parents for approximately two months. Males engage in elaborate aerial displays, known as “sky dancing,” to attract prospective mates. While the introduced Barn Owl is known for its shriek, the Pueo communicates with a muffled bark.
Cultural Importance
The Pueo holds significant cultural importance in Hawaiian tradition and mythology. It is widely revered as an ‘aumakua, an ancestral guardian spirit or deified ancestor that can manifest in various forms, including animals. As an ‘aumakua, the Pueo is believed to offer protection, guidance, and good fortune to its descendants.
Numerous legends and stories underscore the Pueo’s sacred status within Hawaiian culture. One notable legend, “The Battle of the Owls,” highlights the owl’s protective nature. The Pueo’s presence in Hawaiian folklore reflects the profound respect and spiritual connection many Hawaiians have with this unique native bird.