Moose are present in Nova Scotia, embodying a significant part of the province’s natural heritage. These large, iconic animals are symbols of the Canadian wilderness, contributing to the region’s rich biodiversity.
Moose Presence and Distribution in Nova Scotia
Moose distribution and population health vary considerably across Nova Scotia. The Eastern Moose (Alces alces americana) is the subspecies native to mainland Nova Scotia. These animals inhabit boreal and mixed deciduous forests, often seeking areas with abundant food sources like young deciduous trees and shrubs, as well as access to wetlands for aquatic vegetation in summer.
The mainland moose population is considered critically endangered, existing in isolated pockets across several regions. These areas include the Tobeatic Wilderness Area, the Chebucto Peninsula, the Cobequid Mountains, and the Pictou-Antigonish highlands, as well as the interior of the eastern shore from Tangier Grand through Guysborough.
In stark contrast, Cape Breton Island supports a robust and thriving moose population, particularly within Cape Breton Highlands National Park. The moose on Cape Breton are descendants of 18 Western Moose (Alces alces andersoni) introduced from Alberta in 1947 and 1948. This occurred after the original Eastern Moose population on the island had been extirpated by the early 1900s, explaining Cape Breton’s abundant population.
Population Status and Conservation Efforts
Mainland moose have been listed as an endangered species under the Nova Scotia Endangered Species Act since 2003. Their numbers have experienced a long-term decline, falling from an estimated 15,000 individuals in the early 1700s to around 1,000 or fewer today, with some recent estimates suggesting as few as 700. This significant reduction has occurred despite a complete ban on legal hunting on the mainland since 1937.
Several factors contribute to the mainland moose’s precarious situation. Habitat loss and fragmentation due to clear-cutting, road infrastructure, and other development processes are major threats. The parasitic brainworm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis), carried by white-tailed deer, also poses a substantial risk, as moose are highly susceptible to this parasite. Climate change impacts, such as increased winter ticks and altered habitat conditions, further compound these challenges. Historical overhunting also played a role in initial population declines.
Conservation efforts for mainland moose are underway, guided by a recovery plan developed by wildlife biologists and experts. This plan aims to address threats, protect and enhance habitat, improve connectivity between isolated populations, and ensure regular monitoring. Special management practices are required for forestry operations within designated moose core habitat on Crown land to ensure shelter and transit corridors remain. Organizations and the province are working to increase public awareness and encourage reporting of moose sightings, which helps in monitoring and research.
Moose Viewing and Safety Tips
For those hoping to observe moose in Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Highlands National Park is the most reliable location. The park’s well-established moose population offers frequent viewing opportunities along the Cabot Trail, particularly near wetland areas and hiking trails like the Skyline Trail. Dawn and dusk are often the best times for sightings, as moose are typically more active during these periods.
Encountering a moose in the wild requires adherence to safety guidelines. Always maintain a safe distance, ideally at least 30 meters (about three bus lengths), and never approach a moose, even if it appears calm. Moose are large and unpredictable animals, especially during the rutting season (mid-September through December) when males can be aggressive. Avoid blocking a moose’s path, and if one appears aggressive (e.g., stomping, head-swaying, ears pinned back), slowly back away and try to place a large object like a tree or vehicle between yourself and the animal.
Road safety is also important in areas with moose populations. Moose-vehicle collisions are a serious risk, particularly at dawn and dusk. Drivers should reduce speed in marked moose zones and exercise extra caution at night. If a moose is spotted on the road, slow down immediately and flash your headlights; avoid swerving, as this can lead to more dangerous outcomes.