Hummingbirds are present in Tennessee, gracing the state with their rapid wingbeats and vibrant colors. These tiny, agile birds are a captivating sight for residents and visitors. Tennessee provides suitable habitats and resources that support these creatures.
Common Hummingbird Species in Tennessee
The Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is the most frequently observed species in Tennessee and the only one known to breed in the eastern United States. They are easily recognized by their iridescent green backs, wings, and a white underside. Adult male Ruby-throated Hummingbirds display a striking, iridescent ruby-red throat patch, which can appear black in certain lighting. Females and juvenile males typically have a white or pale streaked throat instead of the red patch.
While the Ruby-throated Hummingbird is the primary summer resident, other species are occasionally seen in Tennessee, particularly during the non-breeding season. The Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) is the most common Western species to visit Tennessee during winter. These visitors usually arrive after late August and may remain until April. Other rarer visitors include the Black-chinned, Allen’s, Anna’s, Calliope, and Broad-tailed hummingbirds.
Seasonal Presence and Typical Habitats
Hummingbirds exhibit distinct seasonal patterns, primarily driven by the migration of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird. These birds begin arriving in late March, with their numbers peaking from mid-April to mid-May as they continue their journey to northern breeding grounds. Tennessee serves as a breeding territory for Ruby-throated Hummingbirds, with nesting activities beginning in early May and young birds fledging by mid-June.
Fall migration sees the highest concentration of hummingbirds, with peak numbers observed between mid-August and early September. During this period, hummingbirds feed extensively to build fat reserves for their journey south to Mexico and Central America, with most departing by late October. Hummingbirds thrive in diverse habitats, including mixed woodlands, forest edges, suburban gardens, and orchards. They are particularly abundant in areas with ample flowering plants and a good supply of insects, such as bottomland forests near rivers and streams.
Attracting Hummingbirds to Your Outdoor Space
Creating a welcoming environment encourages hummingbirds to visit your outdoor space. Hummingbird feeders provide a consistent food source, especially during migration when natural nectar may be scarce.
A simple nectar solution is made by mixing one part refined white granulated sugar with four parts water; red dyes and other sweeteners should be avoided as they can be harmful. Feeders should be cleaned every two to three days, or daily in hot weather, to prevent mold and bacterial growth, using a solution of one part white vinegar to four parts water. Position feeders in shaded areas at least three feet off the ground and away from other bird feeders.
Planting nectar-rich flowers also attracts hummingbirds, as they provide both nectar and insects, a significant part of their diet. Native plants particularly appealing to hummingbirds include:
- Trumpet vine
- Bee balm
- Cardinal flower
- Red buckeye
- Wild columbine
Selecting a variety of plants that bloom at different times ensures a continuous supply of nectar from spring through fall. Also, providing shallow water sources, like misters, can attract hummingbirds for bathing. Minimizing or eliminating pesticide use helps maintain a healthy insect population, crucial for these birds.