Hummingbirds are found in Montana, arriving each spring as migratory visitors. They remain in the state only during the summer season before undertaking one of the longest migrations in the avian world. Montana hosts several species, primarily in the western mountainous regions, allowing residents and visitors to observe these tiny, energetic birds.
Primary Hummingbird Species of Montana
The most commonly observed hummingbirds in Montana are the Calliope, Rufous, and Black-chinned species. The Calliope Hummingbird is the smallest bird in North America, measuring about three inches long. Males are identified by their striking, magenta-streaked gorget, which flares out when displayed during courtship dives. Females feature a green back and a pale underside.
The Rufous Hummingbird is named for the coppery-orange color of the male’s back and belly and is known for its aggressive nature. Males have an iridescent, scarlet-red throat patch and tirelessly defend food sources from other birds. Females have a green back with rust-colored flanks and tail feathers.
The Black-chinned Hummingbird is a slender species. Males sport a velvety black throat bordered by a thin strip of iridescent violet, which is only visible when the light catches it. This species is typically found in arid or semi-arid areas like river valleys and foothills. Less common visitors, such as the Broad-tailed and Anna’s Hummingbirds, are occasionally reported along the state’s southern or western borders.
Migration Timing and Geographic Range
Hummingbirds are seasonal residents, arriving in Montana to coincide with the blooming of early spring flowers. The first arrivals, usually male Rufous and Calliope hummingbirds, appear in late April or early May, with the main population settling in by mid-May. Males arrive first to establish territories, followed by the females shortly after.
The summer stay is relatively short. Rufous Hummingbirds begin their southbound journey as early as mid-July. Most Calliope and Black-chinned hummingbirds remain through August, but the bulk of all species will have departed by mid-September.
The geographic distribution heavily favors the western half of the state. Most sightings occur in mountainous regions, including riparian areas, subalpine meadows, and open forests, which provide the best habitat for breeding and foraging. Sightings in the eastern plains of Montana are much rarer, though migrating individuals may occasionally be observed passing through.
Attracting Hummingbirds to Your Yard
Providing a safe and reliable food source enhances your chances of observing these birds. The correct nectar solution is a mixture of one part refined white sugar dissolved in four parts water. This solution should be briefly boiled and then cooled before filling the feeder. Never use honey, brown sugar, or artificial sweeteners, as these can be detrimental to the birds’ health.
Feeder placement is important for safety and viewing. Hang feeders approximately four to six feet off the ground to deter ground predators like cats. Position them in an area that offers partial shade, which prevents the sugar solution from spoiling or fermenting too quickly on a hot day.
Feeder hygiene is paramount, as mold and bacteria can make hummingbirds sick. In cooler weather, clean the feeder every three to five days. During summer heat, cleaning must occur every one to two days, or whenever the solution appears cloudy. A weak vinegar solution or hot water with a brush is sufficient for cleaning, followed by a thorough rinse to remove all residue.
Planting native tubular flowers provides a natural and consistent nectar source throughout the season. Excellent native options for Montana include various species of Penstemon, Columbine (Aquilegia), and Bee Balm (Monarda), which offer the red, pink, and orange blooms that hummingbirds favor. Placing a feeder near these flowering plants helps migratory birds easily locate the supplemental sugar water.