Hummingbirds are regular seasonal residents in Maryland, arriving each year after a long migratory journey to the Mid-Atlantic region. Their presence is a sign of spring and summer, delighting observers with their iridescent plumage and characteristic buzzing sound. While their stay is temporary, understanding their habits allows residents to prepare for their annual arrival and support their presence throughout the warmer months.
The Primary Maryland Species and Migration Timing
The species most commonly observed in Maryland is the Ruby-throated Hummingbird, which is also the only species known to breed in the area. These small birds are known for their spectacular migratory feats. They travel over a thousand miles from their wintering grounds in Central America and Mexico to reach the eastern United States.
The northward migration typically brings the first arrivals to Maryland around early April. The males are the first to arrive, establishing breeding territories and feeding sites before the females follow. Males are easily distinguished by their brilliant, iridescent reddish-orange throat patch, known as a gorget, and their emerald green back.
In contrast, the females have a grayish throat with white underparts and display iridescent green coloring on their upper body. The breeding season concludes in the late summer, and the birds begin their return journey south. Most Ruby-throated Hummingbirds start their fall migration in late August or September, departing Maryland entirely by the end of September.
Creating a Hummingbird Habitat
Attracting these energetic birds involves providing both natural nectar sources and supplemental feeders. Hummingbirds are naturally drawn to tubular flowers, especially those in shades of red and orange, as these colors signal high-sugar nectar. Planting native Maryland flowers, such as Cardinal Flower, Trumpet Honeysuckle, and Bee Balm, can create a sustainable food source.
The ideal sugar water solution for feeders should mimic natural nectar, using a simple ratio of one part refined white sugar to four parts water. This ratio provides the necessary caloric energy without being overly concentrated. It is not necessary to add red dye to the solution, as the red coloring on the feeder itself is sufficient to attract them. A good location for a feeder is typically a shaded area near natural cover, as this minimizes the risk of sugar water spoilage and provides a nearby perch for the birds.
Feeder Maintenance and Safety Guidelines
Maintaining the cleanliness of a hummingbird feeder is essential to protecting the health of visiting birds. The sugary solution is a perfect environment for the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast, which can lead to fatal fungal infections in hummingbirds. Feeders should be cleaned and the nectar replaced at least every three to five days under normal conditions.
In periods of high heat, particularly when temperatures exceed 85°F, this cleaning schedule must be accelerated to every two days, or even daily, to prevent rapid fermentation. When cleaning, the feeder should be fully disassembled and scrubbed with hot water, using a small brush to reach all crevices. Using a mild vinegar solution can help eliminate mold, but rinse all components thoroughly to remove any residue before refilling.
Never use honey, artificial sweeteners, or brown sugar in the feeder, as these substances can be difficult for hummingbirds to digest and promote harmful microbial growth. As the fall migration approaches, keep feeders clean and full, even after you stop seeing birds regularly. This practice ensures that late-migrating individuals have a refueling stop available for their long journey south.