Many residents and visitors wonder if hornets exist in Hawaii. This article clarifies the presence of hornets in the Hawaiian Islands, distinguishing them from other common stinging insects found across the archipelago.
Hornets Are Not Found in Hawaii
True hornets (Vespa genus) are not established in the Hawaiian Islands. This absence is due to Hawaii’s isolated biogeography and strict biosecurity measures preventing invasive species.
Concerns about highly invasive species like the Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) arriving via cargo or shipments have arisen, but these insects have not established populations. The state’s biosecurity protocols intercept such threats, keeping the islands free from true hornet populations.
Common Stinging Insects Mistaken for Hornets
Despite the absence of true hornets, residents and visitors in Hawaii frequently encounter other stinging insects often confused with them. The most common species mistaken for hornets are the western yellowjacket (Vespula pensylvanica) and various paper wasps (Polistes spp.). These wasps are prevalent across the islands, found in diverse environments from urban gardens to natural landscapes.
The western yellowjacket, an invasive species, was first reported in Hawaii in the 1970s and has spread widely. They have distinct black and yellow markings. Paper wasps, including the common paper wasp and the redbrown paper wasp, also feature reddish-brown bodies with yellow markings.
Identifying Differences and Potential Risks
Distinguishing between yellowjackets, paper wasps, and true hornets involves observing their physical characteristics, nesting habits, and behavior. Western yellowjackets have a compact, stocky body, typically measuring around 0.5 to 1 inch in length. They often build their nests underground in abandoned rodent burrows or other cavities, though some are found in wall voids. These wasps are aggressive, especially when their nests are disturbed or when scavenging for food, and they can sting repeatedly. Due to Hawaii’s warm climate, yellowjacket colonies can persist year-round and grow to considerable sizes, sometimes containing hundreds of thousands of individuals.
Paper wasps, in contrast, possess a more slender body with a noticeable narrow “waist” and long legs that dangle during flight. Their nests are open, umbrella-shaped combs made from a paper-like material, typically found hanging from sheltered areas like eaves, tree branches, or porch ceilings. Paper wasps are generally less aggressive than yellowjackets but will defend their nests if threatened and can sting multiple times. True hornets are larger and more robust than yellowjackets and paper wasps.
Dealing with Encounters and Stings
Encountering stinging insects is possible in Hawaii, and knowing how to respond can help reduce potential risks. To prevent encounters, keep food (especially sugary drinks and proteins) covered outdoors and secure trash cans with tight-fitting lids. Avoiding strong perfumes or scented lotions deters wasps. Planting herbs like peppermint or lemongrass near outdoor areas can also deter them.
If a wasp nest is discovered on your property, it is best to avoid disturbing it. For nests located in high-traffic areas, inside structures, or if the colony appears very large, contact a professional pest control service for safe removal.
In the event of a sting, apply a cold compress to the affected area and wash it with soap and water. Over-the-counter pain relievers or antihistamines can help manage mild pain, itching, and swelling. Seek immediate medical attention if symptoms such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, dizziness, or a rapid heartbeat occur, as these indicate a severe allergic reaction. Individuals with known severe allergies should carry an epinephrine auto-injector and use it as prescribed if these symptoms appear.