Hedgehogs are not native to the United States. While no wild populations of these spiny mammals exist across the American landscape, some individuals are present within the country as exotic pets. This distinction is important for understanding their presence and the varying regulations surrounding them.
Wild Hedgehog Absence
Hedgehogs are indigenous to Europe, Asia, and Africa, with no native species found in the Americas, including the United States. Any sightings of hedgehogs in the wild within the US are almost certainly instances of escaped or intentionally released pets, rather than established wild colonies. These animals generally would not survive long-term in most American ecosystems due to unsuitable natural habitats and climates.
Pet Hedgehog Legality
While not wild in the US, hedgehogs are kept as exotic pets, though their legality varies considerably. Regulations differ by state, county, and even city, often due to concerns about them becoming invasive species, transmitting diseases like Salmonella, or issues related to animal welfare. For example, states such as California and Hawaii, and cities like New York City, have specific bans or restrictions on hedgehog ownership. Georgia has historically banned them without a permit, though recent efforts aim to change this. Checking local laws before acquiring a hedgehog is important to avoid legal issues, which can include fines and animal confiscation.
Understanding Pet Hedgehogs
The African Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) is the species most commonly kept as a pet. These small mammals typically measure 6 to 8 inches long and weigh between 8 to 21 ounces. Their lifespan in captivity generally ranges from 3 to 6 years, though some can live longer with optimal care.
Hedgehogs are nocturnal, meaning they are most active at night, and are primarily insectivorous. Their bodies are covered in thousands of sharp, keratin-based quills, which they raise as a defense mechanism by curling into a tight ball. Unlike porcupines, hedgehogs do not “shoot” their quills, and their spines are not barbed.
They are solitary animals that generally prefer to be housed alone. Hedgehogs are not rodents; they are insectivores, more closely related to shrews and moles. While they can be shy, consistent and gentle handling can help them become accustomed to human interaction.
Care Considerations for Pet Hedgehogs
Proper care for pet hedgehogs involves specific considerations for their well-being. Their enclosure should be at least 2 feet wide by 3 feet long, with solid floors to prevent foot injuries. Maintain a consistent ambient temperature between 70 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit; temperatures below this range can induce a potentially fatal hibernation-like state. Bedding materials include paper-based products, fleece liners, or kiln-dried pine or aspen shavings, avoiding dusty or cedar options.
A balanced diet includes commercial hedgehog food, supplemented with insects like mealworms and crickets. While some sources previously suggested cat food, specialized hedgehog diets are now recommended, as obesity is a common concern if feeding is not measured. Common health issues include mites, respiratory infections, dental problems, and a neurological condition called Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome, necessitating regular veterinary check-ups with an exotic pet veterinarian. Providing an exercise wheel with a solid surface and other toys such as tunnels helps meet their need for activity and enrichment. Consistent and gentle handling aids in taming and bonding with these nocturnal animals.