Flying squirrels are present in Ohio and are native inhabitants of the state’s woodlands. Unlike the familiar gray and fox squirrels seen during the day, these small mammals move through the forest canopy with remarkable grace. Their presence often goes unnoticed because their activity is strictly limited to the nighttime hours. They are distinguished by their specialized aerial locomotion.
The Two Species of Ohio Flying Squirrels
Ohio is home to two distinct species of these gliding rodents, both belonging to the genus Glaucomys. The most common and widely distributed is the Southern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys volans), which occupies habitat across the majority of the state. This smaller species measures eight to ten inches, and its identifying feature is its belly fur, which is completely white from base to tip.
The Northern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) is the state’s rarer resident, generally restricted to the colder, higher-elevation Appalachian region in eastern Ohio. This species is slightly larger, reaching ten to twelve inches. While its underside is pale, the hairs have a dark, grayish base, distinguishing it from the Southern species.
The Northern Flying Squirrel is less tolerant of fragmented forests, contributing to its limited distribution. Where ranges overlap, the Southern Flying Squirrel often outcompetes its northern relative for resources. Therefore, the Southern Flying Squirrel is the one an observer is most likely to encounter.
Understanding the Glide
The common name “flying squirrel” is misleading, as these animals do not engage in powered flight. Their movement is defined as gliding, which relies on a specialized, parachute-like structure called the patagium. This membrane stretches from the wrist of the forelimb to the ankle of the hindlimb on both sides of the body.
Before launching, the squirrel pivots its head to triangulate the landing point and estimate the trajectory. Once they leap, they extend all four limbs outward, pulling the patagium taut into a square shape that catches the air. This posture generates lift and drag, allowing them to travel along a declining path.
The squirrel’s flattened tail functions as a stabilizer and a rudder to control the glide path. They can precisely steer around obstacles and execute ninety-degree turns in mid-air by adjusting their limbs. A single glide can cover distances up to 150 feet or more. The squirrel slows down just before landing, immediately scurrying to the opposite side of the trunk to avoid aerial predators.
Habitat and Observation
Flying squirrels are infrequently seen due to their strictly nocturnal nature, an adaptation that helps them avoid diurnal predators like hawks. They become active shortly after sunset, spending the night foraging in the forest canopy. Their large, dark eyes provide the night vision necessary to navigate in low light conditions.
They prefer mature deciduous or mixed forests, which provide the tall trees necessary for gliding. These squirrels utilize natural tree cavities, old woodpecker holes, or snags for nesting and shelter. They often nest communally during winter, huddling in groups of a dozen or more to conserve body heat.
The flying squirrel is an omnivore, consuming a diverse diet. This includes nuts, seeds, fruits, fungi, and tree sap. They are also more carnivorous than most North American squirrels, supplementing their diet with insects, bird eggs, nestlings, and carrion.
Observation Methods
For observation, one of the easiest ways to spot them is by watching a backyard bird feeder after dark. Their presence can also be revealed by using specialized equipment or listening for their calls.
- Watching a backyard bird feeder after dark, as they readily consume seeds and nuts.
- Using a trail camera.
- Using a low-intensity red light during night hikes.
- Listening for their high-pitched, single chirps or squeaks.