Yes, flying squirrels inhabit Indiana’s forests, though they are rarely observed. The state is home to these small, unique rodents, which possess a specialized membrane allowing them to glide between trees. Their elusive nature is primarily due to their strictly nocturnal lifestyle, meaning they are active entirely under the cover of darkness.
The Two Species Found in Indiana
Indiana is primarily home to the Southern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys volans), the more widespread of the two North American species. This species is found across the eastern United States, including nearly all of Indiana where suitable forest habitat exists. The Southern Flying Squirrel is currently protected within the state and may not be hunted, unlike other common squirrel species.
The second species, the Northern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus), favors cooler, more northern climates and is not a common resident. The Southern species is dominant and aggressive, often preventing the two species from coexisting. Therefore, any flying squirrel encountered in Indiana is almost certainly the Southern species.
Habitat and Nocturnal Habits
Flying squirrels prefer mature deciduous and mixed forests with trees tall enough for gliding. They seek out natural cavities for den sites, such as abandoned woodpecker holes or hollow snags. They may also use abandoned nests from other squirrel species or construct their own leaf nests, known as dreys, during warmer months.
These animals are strictly nocturnal, which is the main reason for their low visibility. They typically emerge from their dens around sunset and remain active throughout the night. Their large, dark eyes are highly specialized to gather ambient light, allowing them to navigate the forest canopy effectively in near-dark conditions.
Their diet is omnivorous, making them one of the more carnivorous members of the squirrel family. They consume nuts, seeds, berries, and fungi, but also actively seek out insects, bird eggs, and carrion. During winter, they do not hibernate but may den up in communal groups to share body heat and conserve energy during severe cold.
Identifying Characteristics
The most distinctive feature of the flying squirrel is the patagium. This furry, parachute-like membrane of skin extends from the wrist of the front leg to the ankle of the hind leg. When the squirrel leaps and spreads its limbs, the membrane stretches taut, acting as an airfoil that enables gliding. They rely on the physics of gliding to travel, as they do not possess the ability for true powered flight like birds or bats.
The Southern Flying Squirrel is much smaller than the common Gray or Fox Squirrels. They typically measure eight to ten inches in total length, including the tail, and weigh only two to four ounces. Their eyes are noticeably large and black, an adaptation that enhances their ability to see in the dark.
Another identifying characteristic is their dorso-ventrally flattened tail, meaning it is flat across the top and bottom. The squirrel uses the tail as a rudder to steer and adjust direction mid-glide, and as a brake before landing. By manipulating the tension of the patagium and the tail’s position, they can execute impressive turns and glide distances exceeding 150 feet.