Falcons, a specific type of raptor, are part of the avian life across Oklahoma. These birds of prey are instantly recognizable by their streamlined bodies and long, pointed wings, which allow for incredibly fast and agile flight. The state’s diverse mix of ecosystems, from open prairies to dense urban centers, provides suitable territory for several different species within the Falco genus.
Falcon Species Found in Oklahoma
Oklahoma is home to four regularly occurring species of falcon. The smallest and most widespread is the American Kestrel, North America’s most diminutive falcon, measuring about nine inches in length. The male Kestrel is colorful, featuring blue-gray wings, a rusty-red back, and a distinctive double black vertical stripe on its white face. The female has more subdued brown wings and barring across her back and tail.
The Merlin is a compact hunter slightly larger than the Kestrel, with a stocky build and sharply pointed wings. Male Merlins typically have a blue-gray back, while females and juveniles are darker brown, and all have finely streaked underparts.
The Peregrine Falcon is a larger and powerful raptor, famous for its speed in a hunting dive, called a stoop. Adults are slate-gray on the back with a pale chest that has dark barring, and they are identified by the striking black “mustache” markings on their cheeks.
The fourth species is the Prairie Falcon, similar in size to the Peregrine but adapted to arid, open country. This falcon is predominantly sandy-brown on its back, wings, and crown, offering excellent camouflage. A key identifying feature visible during flight is a black patch of feathers underneath the wings, often referred to as the “armpit.”
Seasonal Presence and Migration Patterns
The presence of these four falcon species varies significantly throughout the year, with some being year-round residents and others seasonal visitors. The American Kestrel is the only resident species, found across Oklahoma at any time of the year. However, the Kestrel population increases during colder months when northern individuals migrate south.
The Merlin is primarily a winter bird in the state, typically present from September through April. Similarly, the Prairie Falcon is a winter visitor, generally spotted in Oklahoma’s western regions from October to mid-March. The Peregrine Falcon is most often observed as a transient migrant, passing through during its spring migration (April and May) and again in the fall (August and October).
Habitats and Observation Tips
Falcons hunt in a variety of environments, and successful observation depends on knowing the specific habitats they favor across Oklahoma. Observing falcons is often most productive in the early morning or late afternoon when they are actively hunting.
American Kestrel
The American Kestrel is the most adaptable, often seen in open habitats like grasslands, farmlands, and along highways. They favor perching on utility poles or fence posts. These small falcons are often seen hovering in the air while searching the ground for insects and small rodents, an action called “kiting.”
Prairie Falcon
The Prairie Falcon prefers the state’s open, arid country, including the vast western prairies and grasslands. Look for them perched on low fence posts or rocky outcrops, as they tend to hunt close to the ground.
Merlin
Merlins are often seen in open fields and prairies, but they also utilize woodland edges and areas near water. They sometimes perch in trees or on low structures.
Peregrine Falcon
Peregrine Falcons, though primarily migrants, are occasionally seen in urban environments, especially downtown Oklahoma City. Tall buildings mimic their natural cliff-nesting sites. Look for their distinct, sharp-winged silhouette near high structures or power lines, particularly during the peak migration months.