Falcons are found in Alabama, making the state a location for observing these powerful and swift raptors. Falcons belong to the family Falconidae, known for their incredible speed and remarkable aerial hunting skills. These birds of prey possess long, pointed wings and sharply hooked beaks. Alabama’s diverse habitats, from coastal shorelines to open fields, offer suitable environments for several species that either reside in the state or pass through during migration.
The Specific Falcon Species Found
Alabama is home to three regularly occurring falcon species: the American Kestrel, the Merlin, and the Peregrine Falcon. The American Kestrel is the most frequently encountered and is resident throughout much of the state, though numbers are higher during the winter months. This small raptor is the smallest falcon found in North America.
The Merlin is a slightly larger, compact falcon primarily considered a winter visitor and migrant in Alabama. They are most reliably observed during the fall and spring migration periods. The Peregrine Falcon, famed as the fastest animal on the planet, is also mainly a migrant through the state. While some individuals may winter in the region, particularly along the Gulf Coast, they are generally considered rare breeders.
Distinct Features for Identification
Distinguishing the three falcon species relies on differences in size, build, and plumage patterns. The American Kestrel is the smallest, roughly the size of a dove or robin, and is the most colorful raptor. Male kestrels feature striking slate-blue wings and a rusty-colored back and tail. Both sexes display two vertical black markings on a white face. This small falcon often hovers or perches on roadside wires, displaying a characteristic tail-bobbing behavior.
The Merlin is a medium-sized falcon, noticeably larger and stockier than the Kestrel, with a darker overall appearance. Its plumage is typically slate-gray or brownish on the back and wings, with a heavily streaked underside. Unlike the Peregrine, the Merlin lacks prominent facial markings. Its flight profile is characterized by rapid, powerful wingbeats.
The Peregrine Falcon is the largest of the three, comparable to the size of a crow. Its most recognizable feature is the dark malar stripe, a thick black marking extending downward from the eye. This raptor has a sleek, powerful build with long, pointed wings. These wings contribute to its streamlined shape and incredible speed.
Habitat Preferences and Seasonal Presence
The American Kestrel utilizes a wide variety of open country habitats across Alabama, including agricultural fields, open grasslands, and urban edges. Since a portion of the population is resident, they can be seen throughout the year, often perched on utility poles or dead trees looking for insects and small rodents. Their numbers are bolstered in winter by migratory individuals moving south.
The Merlin is most commonly sighted during the fall and winter months as it follows migratory routes. These falcons prefer open environments, with a strong presence along coastal areas, marshlands, and open woodlands. They favor areas where they can pursue small birds in open flight, making them less likely to be found in heavily forested regions.
The Peregrine Falcon’s presence in Alabama is strongly linked to migration, with the highest concentration of sightings occurring along the coast, especially in the fall. They are often seen near waterways or shorelines where they hunt other migrating birds. When they settle, they choose high vantage points, utilizing natural cliffs or adapting to human infrastructure like tall bridges and skyscrapers.