Yes, elk are present in West Virginia. An elk is a large species of deer, scientifically known as Cervus canadensis, characterized by their impressive size and, in males, large antlers. These animals are native to North America and parts of Asia, typically inhabiting open forests and forest-edge environments.
Elk in West Virginia: A Historical Overview
Elk were historically a natural part of West Virginia’s wildlife, roaming the region as a native species. However, their presence began to decline significantly during the 19th century. The primary factors leading to their disappearance were unregulated hunting and extensive habitat loss. As human populations expanded and land use changed, the conditions necessary for elk survival diminished. This resulted in the complete extirpation of elk from West Virginia, leaving the state without a wild elk population for over 100 years. They vanished from the Mountain State by the late 1800s.
The Reintroduction Program
Modern efforts to bring elk back to West Virginia began with a comprehensive plan initiated by the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources (WV DNR). The reintroduction efforts officially launched in 2016. The initial phase involved sourcing elk from other states with established populations.
In late December 2016, 24 elk were released in West Virginia, secured from the Land Between the Lakes Recreation Area in western Kentucky. Subsequent releases in 2018 and 2024 included elk from both Kentucky and Arizona. Specific subspecies introduced include Manitoban elk from Kentucky and Rocky Mountain elk from Arizona, with researchers now studying their genetic diversity to ensure herd health.
The Tomblin Wildlife Management Area in Logan County, a former coalfield, was identified as a suitable site for the initial releases due to its habitat and limited agricultural presence. Since the project’s inception, the WV DNR has recorded the birth of native elk calves, indicating successful reproduction within the reintroduced herds.
Current Elk Populations and Habitat
West Virginia’s elk population has been steadily growing since the reintroduction efforts began. As of early 2024, the total elk population in the state was estimated to be between 140 to 150 animals. The primary areas where elk populations are establishing themselves are within the southwestern coalfield region. This includes counties such as Logan, Mingo, McDowell, Boone, and Lincoln. These areas offer suitable habitat, particularly reclaimed mine lands, which provide open clearings and forage.
While the herd is expanding, it remains relatively young in age structure. The preferred habitats for these elk are typically open forests and forest-edge environments, where they can graze on grasses and other vegetation. Elk management tours are offered in the Tomblin Wildlife Management Area, allowing the public to observe these animals in their natural setting.
Conservation and Management Efforts
The WV DNR plays a central role in these initiatives, focusing on monitoring, protecting, and expanding the herd. They track the population’s progress and assess genetic diversity to ensure its long-term viability. Habitat improvement projects are a continuous effort, aimed at creating and maintaining environments suitable for elk. Research, including genetic assessments by West Virginia University, helps understand herd dynamics and address potential challenges like brainworm, a parasitic threat.
Public education programs also contribute to the understanding and appreciation of elk conservation. Legislation, such as Senate Bill 350 passed in 2016, has formalized an elk management plan and dedicated funding for these efforts. This bill established the West Virginia Elk Management Area, guiding where management activities are concentrated.