Elk are large members of the deer family. They rank as the second largest species within the deer family, exceeded in size only by the moose. Elk are native to North America and parts of East Asia, where they once roamed extensively across vast landscapes. Their historical range covered much of the United States and Canada, though their populations significantly declined over time.
Elk Presence and Distribution in South Dakota
Elk are present in South Dakota, primarily inhabiting the Black Hills region. This area, encompassing locations such as Custer State Park and the Black Hills National Forest, serves as their main stronghold within the state. Beyond this core region, smaller, more isolated herds can be found scattered across the prairie landscapes of South Dakota. These populations are noted in counties like Butte, Bennett, and Gregory, as well as on the Lower Brule Indian Reservation.
Elk prefer diverse environments within these regions, including woodlands, mountain meadows, foothills, and coniferous forests. During the spring and summer months, elk in mountainous areas use high country meadows and forested areas. As fall and winter approach, they move to lower elevations, seeking woodlands, grasslands, and open spaces.
Elk Population and Management Efforts
The Black Hills elk population is over 6,000 Rocky Mountain elk. Recent aerial surveys from 2019/2020 estimated approximately 6,500 elk in the Black Hills and around 450 within Custer State Park. The South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks (GFP) manages these populations to maintain healthy herds.
GFP monitors elk numbers through periodic sightability surveys and aerial counts conducted every four years. Hunter surveys and mandatory check-ins also contribute to assessing herd health and harvest data. Controlled hunting seasons serve as a tool for population management to prevent overpopulation and habitat degradation.
The “South Dakota Elk Action Plan 2021-2026” guides the state’s management strategies. This plan addresses biological factors and social considerations, including concerns related to Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). CWD has been detected in various counties and parks, influencing management decisions, particularly for the Custer State Park herd where lower population objectives are maintained to mitigate disease spread.
Historical Context of Elk in the State
Elk once roamed across the entire territory of South Dakota before European settlement. By the late 1800s, their populations were nearly wiped out due to unregulated hunting and habitat loss. This led to their disappearance from the state’s landscape.
Reintroduction efforts began in the early 1900s to restore elk to South Dakota. Rocky Mountain elk from Wyoming and Montana were used for these efforts. Reintroductions started in Custer State Park in 1900, with additional animals released into Custer State Park and Wind Cave National Park between 1913 and 1916.
These efforts proved successful, with the herd growing to approximately 1,000 by 1928. The re-establishment of elk in South Dakota is considered a success in wildlife management.