Iowa is not typically associated with vast elk herds, but these majestic animals do make appearances within the state’s borders. While a permanent, self-sustaining wild elk population does not currently exist in Iowa, individual elk are occasionally sighted, making them a unique part of the state’s wildlife landscape.
Iowa’s Elk History
Elk once roamed the prairies of Iowa in significant numbers before European settlement. However, by the 1860s, a combination of unregulated hunting and widespread habitat loss led to the extirpation, or local extinction, of elk from Iowa. The last recorded sighting of a native elk in the state occurred in 1871.
Today’s occasional elk sightings in Iowa are not the result of reintroduction programs within the state. Instead, these modern elk are typically individual animals dispersing from established wild herds in neighboring states. Young males often venture out from populations in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Nebraska, and South Dakota for new territories.
Where Elk Live in Iowa
There is no established, breeding elk population living freely in Iowa. Sightings are sporadic, with animals often transient visitors.
Many of these occurrences are concentrated in western Iowa, given its proximity to larger wild elk herds in neighboring states. Elk have also been reported in central and west-central Iowa counties, and occasionally in eastern parts of the state. These animals are often young males on exploratory movements.
While the Neal Smith Wildlife Refuge near Prairie City maintains a captive herd of elk, these animals are managed within the refuge. They are distinct from the wild, free-ranging individuals that occasionally enter the state.
Managing Iowa’s Elk Population
The Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR) monitors the occasional wild elk that enter the state. Elk, along with moose, are protected under Iowa law, making it illegal to hunt them without specific authorization. Illegally killing an elk can result in a $1,000 fine.
The DNR collects biological samples from sighted elk to conduct DNA analysis and understand their origins. While the general policy is to allow these animals to roam undisturbed, the DNR may intervene if an elk poses a significant threat, such as causing property damage or presenting a physical risk to people. In such instances, an elk may be dispatched.
What to Do If You See an Elk
Encountering an elk in Iowa is rare. Observe it from a safe distance.
Elk are large animals, with adults weighing between 750 and 800 pounds. They are significantly larger than white-tailed deer.
Never approach, feed, or disturb an elk. Keep pets leashed and under control, as their presence can agitate the animal.
If an elk appears injured, is in an unusual location, or is causing damage, contact the Iowa DNR. Allowing the animal space ensures both your safety and the well-being of the elk.