Elk are present in Arizona, inhabiting high-country regions. Their presence contributes to the state’s ecological balance and is a result of successful reintroduction efforts that began in the early 20th century.
Elk Habitats in Arizona
Elk in Arizona primarily inhabit high-elevation forested areas, ranging from 7,000 to 10,000 feet during warmer months. These summer ranges feature coniferous forests and mountain meadows, providing ample forage and cover. During winter, heavy snowfall prompts elk to migrate to lower elevations, between 5,500 and 6,500 feet, seeking pinyon-juniper woodlands and mixed conifer forests.
Key habitats for Arizona’s elk populations include the White Mountains, the Mogollon Rim, and the Kaibab Plateau. The White Mountains, in eastern Arizona, are known for their thriving elk populations. The Mogollon Rim also supports numerous elk, with movements often shifting north and south. On the Kaibab Plateau, populations have increased, though management aims to maintain lower densities in some areas.
The Rocky Mountain Elk in Arizona
The Rocky Mountain Elk ( Cervus canadensis nelsoni ) is the subspecies found in Arizona. These large members of the deer family have adult bulls weighing between 600 and 800 pounds, with some reaching up to 1,200 pounds. Adult cows weigh between 450 and 600 pounds. Their coats are a deep reddish-brown in summer, transitioning to grayish-brown in winter, and they possess a distinct buff-colored rump patch.
Only male elk, known as bulls, grow antlers, which they shed annually between January and March, with new growth beginning shortly after. These antlers can grow rapidly, up to five feet long and weighing as much as 40 pounds. Rocky Mountain elk are herbivores, primarily consuming grasses, shrubs, and tree foliage, adapting their diet seasonally. They can achieve speeds of up to 40 miles per hour over short distances and are strong swimmers.
Elk Population and Management
Before European settlement, Arizona was home to the Merriam’s elk, a native subspecies that became extinct by the early 1900s due to unregulated hunting and habitat changes. Reintroduction efforts began in 1913 when 83 Rocky Mountain elk from Yellowstone National Park were released near Chevelon Lake. Subsequent transplants helped grow the population.
From these initial reintroductions, Arizona’s elk population has grown considerably, currently estimated at 35,000 to 40,000 animals. The Arizona Game and Fish Department (AZGFD) manages these populations through conservation programs, habitat preservation, and regulated hunting. Thousands of hunting permits are issued annually. AZGFD also works to mitigate conflicts between elk and human activities, such as property damage or vehicle collisions, and collaborates with land managers to balance forage resources.
Viewing Arizona’s Elk
Observing elk in Arizona is possible in many of their high-country habitats. Areas like the White Mountains, near Flagstaff, and around the Mogollon Rim offer opportunities for viewing. Elk are often most active during dawn and dusk as they move to and from bedding sites. The rutting season, typically in September, is a time when bull elk are particularly vocal and active, bugling to attract mates.
When viewing elk, maintaining a respectful and safe distance is important. It is advised to stay at least 100 feet away to avoid disturbing the animals. Observing elk quietly from a distance allows for appreciation without causing stress or altering their behavior.