The spider plant, formally known as Chlorophytum comosum, is a popular and durable houseplant species recognized for its arching foliage. Originating in the tropical and southern regions of Africa, this perennial produces small, trailing plantlets and has been cultivated extensively for indoor environments. The species has been selectively bred over time, resulting in a variety of distinct forms and patterns sold commercially. These differences in leaf coloration and structure define the various types that enthusiasts cultivate today.
Understanding the Primary Classifications
The most fundamental way to categorize spider plants is by the presence or absence of variegation, which refers to the different colored zones on the leaves. The original, wild form of the species is a solid green type, which lacks any lighter striping or edging. This variety possesses a high concentration of the green pigment chlorophyll across the entire leaf surface.
The most common variant found in homes is a variegated form known as Chlorophytum comosum ‘Vittatum’. This cultivar is characterized by its long, strap-like leaves that feature a prominent creamy-white stripe running longitudinally down the center. The margins, or edges, of the leaves remain a solid dark green. This pattern defines the standard spider plant look that is often seen trailing from hanging baskets.
The two-toned foliage of the ‘Vittatum’ cultivar is a result of a genetic mutation affecting chlorophyll production in certain leaf cells. This standard variegation pattern provides a bright contrast to the deep green borders. These primary types, the solid green and the centrally striped ‘Vittatum,’ form the basis for most of the variety within the species.
Specific Named Cultivars and Unique Forms
Horticulture recognizes several named cultivars that offer unique visual twists beyond the primary classifications. One notable variant is the reverse variegated type, often labeled as Chlorophytum comosum ‘Variegatum’ or ‘Mandaianum’. This form inverts the standard pattern, featuring a central green band flanked by creamy-white or yellow stripes along the leaf margins. This reversal creates a lighter, brighter overall appearance compared to the ‘Vittatum’ cultivar.
Another distinct type is the curly spider plant, known by the cultivar name Chlorophytum comosum ‘Bonnie’. This variety shares the central white stripe of ‘Vittatum’, but its leaves exhibit a natural, gentle curl or spiral. This creates a more compact and textured look, giving the plant a unique, bushy appearance.
A newer, more compact cultivar is Chlorophytum comosum ‘Ocean,’ which displays a growth habit that is shorter and broader than the trailing varieties. Its leaves feature white edges and tend to be slightly wider, resulting in a spikier, less arching rosette.
Minor Differences in Maintenance Needs
While the core care requirements for all spider plants remain generally consistent, the different types do exhibit minor variations, primarily concerning light exposure. The solid green varieties contain chlorophyll across the entire leaf and are therefore the most efficient at photosynthesis, allowing them to tolerate slightly lower light levels. They can maintain health in moderate, indirect light conditions.
Variegated cultivars, such as ‘Vittatum’ and the reverse variegated types, require brighter, indirect light to thrive. The white or cream-colored portions of the leaves lack chlorophyll and cannot produce energy. Brighter light is necessary for the remaining green parts to generate enough energy for the entire plant, which is why low light can cause the variegation to fade.
All types prefer to dry out slightly between waterings. Despite these minor differences, the fundamental approach to watering, temperature, and feeding is largely the same across all cultivars of Chlorophytum comosum.