Wild reindeer are present in Iceland, though not native. Introduced centuries ago, they have established a wild, free-ranging population.
The Reindeer of Iceland
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) are a species within the deer family known for thriving in cold, northern environments. Both male and female reindeer possess antlers, a trait distinguishing them from most other deer species. Male antlers can reach 130 centimeters (51 inches) long, while female antlers typically grow to about 50 centimeters (20 inches).
Reindeer have a compact body structure, with adults standing between 90 to 120 centimeters (35 to 47 inches) at the shoulder and weighing from 70 to 150 kilograms (154 to 330 pounds), with males generally larger than females. Their thick, double-layered coats provide insulation against the cold, featuring an inner layer of fine wool and an outer layer of hollow guard hairs that trap air for warmth. This fur can vary in color from dark brown in summer to lighter, almost white, shades in winter.
A History of Their Presence
Reindeer are not indigenous to Iceland, but were introduced from Norway in the late 18th century (1771-1787). The primary motivation was to establish a new agricultural resource, providing meat, hides, and transport for the Icelandic people.
Multiple groups were released across Iceland, but initial efforts faced challenges, with many animals perishing due to harsh weather and limited food. Only the population released in East Iceland survived and established a sustainable wild presence. By 1939, reindeer were thought to be near extinction until a herd of approximately 100 individuals was discovered in the East, from which the current population descended.
Where to Find Them
The wild reindeer population in Iceland is exclusively found in the eastern part of the country. Their primary habitats span the highlands and coastal areas, particularly around Vatnajökull National Park. They are commonly observed in regions like Fljótsdalshérað, the highlands around Snæfell, and coastal areas near Vopnafjörður and Héraðsflói.
These animals exhibit seasonal migration patterns adapted to the Icelandic environment. During the summer months, they inhabit higher elevations and mountainous areas where vegetation is abundant. As winter approaches, reindeer move to lower altitudes and coastal plains in search of more accessible food sources, such as lichens and other hardy plants.
Their Unique Place in the Icelandic Landscape
Reindeer are Iceland’s only large wild land mammal, alongside the native Arctic fox. Their population fluctuates, with estimates ranging between 3,000 and 7,000 individuals. Unlike reindeer in other Nordic countries, the Icelandic population remains entirely wild and has never been domesticated.
The reindeer population is actively regulated through controlled hunting. This practice helps prevent overgrazing, protecting fragile Icelandic vegetation and ensuring ecosystem balance. Their adaptability, including thick coats and specialized hooves for navigating snow and ice, has allowed successful integration into the Icelandic landscape.