Coyotes are present in Upstate New York, having successfully established themselves across various landscapes. Understanding their presence and characteristics can help foster better coexistence.
Coyote Presence Across Upstate New York
Coyotes are firmly established throughout New York. Their population across the state is estimated to be between 20,000 and 30,000 individuals. These animals inhabit diverse environments, ranging from rural farmlands and dense forests to suburban neighborhoods and even urban fringes. The adaptability of coyotes has allowed them to thrive in areas with human development.
Coyotes began extending their range eastward into New York in the early 1930s and 1940s. They then rapidly spread across the state, becoming firmly established by the 1970s. This expansion is linked to changes in land use. Their ability to adapt has led to their widespread colonization across the continent.
Characteristics of the Eastern Coyote
The coyotes found in New York are often referred to as “Eastern Coyotes” or “coywolves” due to their genetic makeup. Genetic studies indicate these animals are hybrids, possessing ancestry from Western coyotes, Eastern wolves, Western wolves, and domestic dogs. This hybridization, particularly with wolves, is believed to have contributed to their larger size and ability to hunt bigger prey, aiding their expansion into eastern forests. The influence of dog genes may also contribute to their adaptability in human-dominated environments.
Eastern coyotes are larger than their Western counterparts, typically weighing between 35 and 45 pounds, though some males can exceed 50 pounds. They measure about 4 to 5 feet from nose to tail, including a bushy tail often carried pointing downwards. Their appearance is similar to a German shepherd, with variable fur colors ranging from blonde or reddish-blonde to dark tan washed with black. They usually have a white chin and a dark spot near the base of the tail.
Coyotes are opportunistic omnivores, meaning their diet varies based on what is readily available. Their food sources include white-tailed deer, rabbits, small mammals like mice and voles, raccoons, groundhogs, birds, insects, and plant materials such as berries. They are not strictly nocturnal and may be seen during the day, though they are generally more active after sunset and at night. Coyotes live in home ranges year-round and are territorial, defending their areas.
Safe Coexistence with Coyotes
Living in areas frequented by coyotes requires awareness and proactive measures to prevent conflicts. One important step is to eliminate attractants around homes. This includes securing garbage in animal-proof containers and feeding pets indoors, as outdoor pet food and water can draw coyotes. Removing fallen fruit from trees and avoiding bird seed spillage can also help, as these attract rodents which, in turn, attract coyotes.
Supervising pets outdoors is highly recommended, especially small dogs and cats, as they are vulnerable to coyotes. Keeping dogs on a leash during walks, particularly at dawn and dusk, minimizes risk. Fencing can deter coyotes if it is at least four feet tall, extends six inches below ground, and is tight to the ground. Clearing brush and tall grass around properties can also reduce hiding spots for coyotes, as they prefer areas with cover.
If an encounter with a coyote occurs, it is important to make the animal feel unwelcome. This technique, known as hazing, involves acting large and loud. Standing tall, waving arms, yelling, and making loud noises like banging pots or using a whistle can encourage the coyote to leave. Throwing small objects like sticks or rocks towards the coyote is also an option, with the intent to startle rather than injure. It is important to continue hazing until the coyote completely leaves the area, and never to run away, as this can trigger a chase response.