The coyote, Canis latrans, is a highly adaptable canine predator that has successfully colonized the entire state of Ohio. Historically associated with the western United States, this species is now a permanent feature of the Ohio landscape. Coyotes are well-established, inhabiting all 88 counties, often living much closer to human populations than many residents realize. This article explores their establishment, habitats, how to recognize their presence, and steps for safe human-coyote coexistence.
Confirmation and History of Establishment
Coyotes are not native to Ohio but migrated eastward, filling an ecological void left by the extirpation of other large predators. The first documented coyote sighting in the state occurred around 1919, marking the beginning of their slow, steady colonization. As European settlers cleared the ancient forests and eliminated the native wolf population, the landscape transformed into open farmland, creating a perfect environment for the smaller, more flexible coyote.
The species continued to expand its range throughout the 20th century, becoming widely distributed across Ohio by the late 1980s. This successful expansion was largely due to their opportunistic nature and their ability to thrive without the competition of large carnivores. Today, the coyote is considered a naturalized species and is the largest terrestrial predator found across Ohio.
Distribution Across Ohio Habitats
Coyotes exhibit remarkable versatility, which has allowed them to occupy diverse environments from remote wilderness to densely populated metropolitan areas. In rural settings, they frequently utilize agricultural fields, woodlots, and brushy areas for hunting and denning. These areas provide ample small mammal prey and cover from disturbances.
In suburban and urban landscapes, coyotes often follow natural corridors like riverbanks, railroad tracks, and utility easements. They are commonly found in city parks, golf courses, and undeveloped green spaces, where they can remain largely unnoticed. Their ability to use these fragmented habitats demonstrates their capacity to adapt their behavior to human activity. Coyotes seen in urban areas are simply capitalizing on the available resources and shelter these environments provide.
Recognizing Coyote Signs and Behavior
Identifying a coyote involves observing distinct physical characteristics that differ from domestic dogs. Most Ohio coyotes have a grizzled, grayish-brown coat, a long, narrow snout, and noticeably pointed, upright ears. A reliable distinguishing feature is the bushy tail, which is typically carried low, often held downward at about a 45-degree angle, and frequently has a black tip.
Adult coyotes in Ohio generally weigh between 30 and 50 pounds, appearing lean and slender compared to many domestic breeds. Their vocalizations are a key identifier, consisting of a complex chorus of high-pitched yips, barks, and howls, often described as a chaotic sound. This vocal repertoire is used for social communication and territorial defense.
Coyotes are opportunistic omnivores; their diet consists primarily of small mammals like mice, rabbits, and voles, supplemented by fruits, insects, and carrion. Although they are naturally wary and primarily nocturnal or crepuscular (active at dawn and dusk), they may be seen during the day, which is not necessarily a sign of illness. Their tracks are generally more oval and elongated than dog prints, with a tighter, more direct line of travel.
Strategies for Human-Coyote Coexistence
Coexistence relies on modifying human behavior to eliminate attractants that draw coyotes into residential spaces. Securing all outdoor garbage is necessary, using sturdy containers with tight-fitting, secured lids. Pet food and water bowls should also be removed from outside, as these are strong attractants. Property owners can make yards less appealing by clearing dense brush and blocking ground-level entry points to decks and sheds.
Small pets must be supervised when outdoors, kept on a leash, or brought inside, especially between dusk and dawn, to reduce the risk of predation. If a coyote approaches, “hazing” can reinforce its natural fear of humans. Hazing involves using non-lethal deterrents such as yelling, waving arms, stomping feet, or throwing small objects near the animal.