The eastern copperhead is a native resident of Illinois and one of the state’s four venomous snake species. This reptile belongs to the pit viper family. The copperhead is known for its distinct coloring and uses its venom to subdue prey. Like all pit vipers, it possesses specialized heat-sensing organs and retractable fangs.
Where Copperheads Are Found in Illinois
The eastern copperhead population in Illinois is highly concentrated in the southern third of the state. Their range generally extends south of a line marked by Interstate 70 or Route 16, though they are also found in the lower Illinois River valley. Northern Illinois is outside of their established habitat range.
These snakes select environments that offer camouflage and shelter, primarily inhabiting rocky, wooded hillsides and upland deciduous forests. They are also commonly found near river bottoms, wooded swamps, and the bluffs along the Mississippi River and in the Shawnee Hills region. Copperheads spend much time concealed, often favoring sandstone outcroppings and abandoned sawdust piles.
Encounters are more likely in undisturbed natural areas due to the snake’s preference for these habitats. They may also be found near old, abandoned buildings where they hunt rodents. Copperheads are active during the day in the cooler spring and fall months, but they become nocturnal during the summer.
Identifying the Copperhead
The copperhead is identified by its distinct body pattern. It has a pale tan to pinkish-brown background color overlaid with dark, reddish-brown crossbands shaped like an hourglass. These patterns are wide on the sides and narrow significantly across the center of the snake’s back, sometimes described as resembling a “Hershey’s Kiss” shape.
The snake gets its name from the coppery-red or orange-red coloration often covering the top of its head. Like all pit vipers, the copperhead has a noticeably triangular head that is much wider than its neck, accommodating its venom glands. Adults typically measure between two and three feet in length, though some may grow up to four feet long.
Other features confirm its status as a pit viper: vertical, slit-like pupils and a heat-sensing pit located between the eye and the nostril. Juvenile copperheads also possess a bright, sulfur-yellow or greenish tail tip, which they use to lure small prey like frogs and lizards.
Safety Measures and Encounter Protocol
Preventing an encounter involves being mindful of their preferred habitats and taking precautions when spending time outdoors in southern Illinois. Always wear sturdy footwear, such as leather hiking boots, especially when walking through wooded or rocky areas. Avoid stepping over logs or rocks without first looking on the far side, as a snake may be resting there.
Never reach into unseen spaces, such as thick brush, rock crevices, or wood piles, where a copperhead might be concealed. Using heavy gloves when handling firewood or clearing yard debris reduces the risk of an accidental bite. Since they are active at night during the summer, use a flashlight to illuminate your path after dusk.
If you encounter a copperhead, remain calm and slowly back away, giving the snake a wide berth. Copperheads are non-aggressive and prefer to flee, but they will strike if they feel threatened or are accidentally stepped on. Do not attempt to capture, move, or kill the snake, as this is when most bites occur.
If a bite occurs, seek immediate medical attention by calling 911 or going to the nearest emergency room. Keep the bitten area at or below the level of the heart, remove any constricting jewelry or clothing, and remain still to slow the spread of venom. Never use a tourniquet, cut the wound, or attempt to suck out the venom, as these actions cause more harm than good.