Chiggers are a common concern for Texans, and these tiny arachnids are indeed present across the state. They are the larval stage of certain mites, not insects, and they are responsible for the intensely itchy bites that can occur after outdoor activities. Understanding what chiggers are and how they interact with humans is the first step in managing potential encounters with them.
Chiggers in Texas and How to Identify Them
Texas is home to several species of chiggers, with Eutrombicula alfreddugesi and Eutrombicula splendens being the two most commonly encountered. These microscopic mites thrive in warm, humid environments, making much of Texas an ideal habitat, particularly during late spring through fall. They are often found in tall grasses, wooded areas, brush, and suburban lawns, especially in moist areas or leaf litter.
Chiggers are nearly invisible to the naked eye, measuring less than 0.4 millimeters, but they can sometimes be seen as tiny red or orange specks if clustered. Only the six-legged larval stage feeds on humans and animals. When a chigger bites, it does not burrow into the skin or feed on blood. Instead, it injects digestive enzymes that break down skin cells, forming a feeding tube called a stylostome through which the liquefied tissue is consumed.
Bites typically result in itchy red welts that often appear in clusters, particularly where clothing fits tightly, such as around the ankles, waistline, or behind the knees. The itching usually begins within three to six hours after contact, peaking within 24 to 48 hours. These itchy bumps can resemble blisters or pimples and may persist for several days to two weeks.
Preventing Chigger Bites
Preventing chigger bites involves protective measures when in infested areas. Wearing appropriate clothing creates a physical barrier against these mites. Long-sleeved shirts and pants made of tightly woven fabrics are recommended, with pant legs tucked into socks or boots. Buttoning cuffs and collars helps prevent chiggers from reaching the skin.
Applying insect repellents containing DEET directly to exposed skin offers protection. For an additional layer of defense, clothing can be treated with permethrin, an insecticide that kills chiggers on contact. Permethrin should only be applied to clothing, not directly to the skin, and allowed to dry before wearing.
After returning indoors from areas where chiggers may be present, remove clothing as soon as possible and wash it in hot water to eliminate any hitchhiking mites. Taking a warm, soapy shower or bath immediately after outdoor exposure can help dislodge any chiggers that may have attached to the skin. Scrubbing the skin with a washcloth during the shower can aid in removing mites before they inject their enzymes.
Treating Chigger Bites
If chigger bites occur, prompt action can help alleviate discomfort and prevent complications. First, thoroughly wash the affected skin with soap and water to remove any remaining chiggers. This helps prevent further irritation, though the itching from initial bites will likely continue.
To relieve the intense itching, several over-the-counter remedies are available. Calamine lotion or corticosteroid creams, such as hydrocortisone, can help soothe the skin and reduce inflammation. Oral antihistamines, like diphenhydramine, can reduce itching and allergic reactions. Cool compresses or a cool bath can provide temporary relief from the itching and swelling.
Avoid scratching the bites, as this can break the skin and lead to secondary bacterial infections. If signs of infection develop, such as increased redness, warmth, swelling, pus, or if symptoms worsen or persist for more than two weeks, medical attention should be sought. A doctor may prescribe antibiotics for an infection or steroid shots for severe itching and swelling.