In New York State, wild, native buffalo do not roam freely. What many people commonly refer to as “buffalo” in North America are actually American Bison. While American Bison are not found in the wild across New York today, other types of buffalo can be found in specific, managed settings within the state.
American Bison Versus True Buffalo
American Bison and true buffalo species differ. American Bison (Bison bison) are large mammals native to North America, characterized by a prominent shoulder hump, a shaggy coat, and short, sharp horns that curve upwards. Their historical range covered vast areas of the continent, from the Appalachians to the Rockies.
In contrast, true buffalo species, like the African Cape Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and the Asian Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), are indigenous to Africa and Asia. These animals do not possess a noticeable shoulder hump and typically have smoother coats. Their horns are often long and curved, sometimes spanning over six feet.
Both American Bison and true buffalo belong to the Bovidae family, which includes cattle, goats, and sheep. Despite this familial connection, they are distinct species with clear biological and geographical differences. American Bison also feature a thick beard, a characteristic not found on true buffalo.
Where Bison and Water Buffalo Are Found in New York
While wild American Bison populations do not exist in New York, individuals can encounter these animals in controlled environments. Several private ranches and farms across upstate New York raise American Bison, often for meat production, including locations like Mud Creek Bison Ranch in Savona and Skaneateles Buffalo Farm in Homer. Zoos, such as the Bronx Zoo, also house American Bison. Conservation efforts are also underway, with the Seneca Nation on the Allegany Territory recently reintroducing American Bison to a managed land area. These populations are not free-roaming wild herds but rather part of agricultural or conservation programs.
Domesticated water buffalo are also present in New York, primarily on farms. These animals are raised for agricultural purposes, including dairy production to make products like mozzarella cheese, and for their meat.
The Origin of the Misnomer
The common, yet scientifically inaccurate, reference to American Bison as “buffalo” dates back centuries. This misnomer likely originated with early European explorers and settlers. When French fur trappers encountered these large North American animals, they may have referred to them as “bœufs,” a French term meaning ox or bullock.
Over time, this term evolved into “buffalo” in English common parlance. Despite the biological distinctions between American Bison and true buffalo from Africa and Asia, the name “buffalo” became deeply ingrained in the popular vocabulary.
This historical linguistic development explains why the term persists today, even appearing in cultural references like the song “Home on the Range.” The city of Buffalo, New York, also derives its name from the historical presence of these animals, or the trade of their hides in the region, further cementing the common usage.