American Bison, often colloquially known as “buffalo,” are found across Arizona’s diverse landscapes. These large mammals represent a remarkable part of the state’s wildlife. Their presence contributes to the natural heritage and ecological balance of various regions in northern Arizona.
Bison, Not Buffalo
The animals roaming Arizona are American Bison, distinct from true buffalo species found in Africa and Asia. While the term “buffalo” is commonly used, bison possess specific physical characteristics that set them apart. American Bison have a prominent hump on their shoulders, a large head, and a shaggy coat, especially around their head and forequarters.
In contrast, African Cape buffalo and Asian water buffalo lack this pronounced shoulder hump. They typically have smoother coats and different horn shapes; water buffalo, for instance, can have horns spanning up to six feet. Bison also have thick beards, a feature not present on true buffalo.
Where Arizona’s Bison Herds Roam
Arizona is home to several distinct bison herds, primarily located in the northern part of the state. The Kaibab Plateau herd roams the North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park and adjacent Kaibab National Forest lands. This herd frequently spends time within the park boundaries.
Another managed herd resides at the Raymond Wildlife Area, east of Flagstaff, encompassing approximately 14,637 acres of grasslands and woodlands. A smaller conservation herd is maintained at the House Rock Wildlife Area in the House Rock Valley, near the Kaibab Plateau.
History and Management of Arizona’s Bison
The re-establishment of bison in Arizona has a notable history, stemming from near extinction across North America in the 19th century. In 1906, Charles “Buffalo” Jones brought approximately 87 bison from Utah to the Kaibab Plateau, initiating the herd that expanded into the Grand Canyon area. The Arizona Game and Fish Department (AZGFD) gained management authority, acquiring the House Rock herd in 1927.
Today, the AZGFD manages the Raymond Wildlife Area and House Rock Valley herds through conservation programs and regulated hunting. In 2017, the Raymond herd was replaced with a pure genetic lineage from Wind Cave National Park, enhancing genetic diversity. The House Rock herd also received a pure genetic strain from the American Prairie Reserve in Montana. The National Park Service (NPS) co-manages the Grand Canyon herd, implementing strategies like live capture and transfer to tribal lands, and sometimes lethal removal by skilled volunteers, to maintain the population below 200 animals and mitigate impacts on park resources.
Observing Bison in Arizona
To observe bison in Arizona, specific times and locations can increase viewing success. Bison are most active during cooler parts of the day, such as early morning or late afternoon, when they are feeding. During winter, bison are more visible as they forage.
Safety is paramount when viewing these large animals. Always maintain a safe distance, at least 25 yards (23 meters), from bison. Never approach them, and avoid feeding wildlife, as this alters their natural behaviors. Using binoculars or a telephoto lens provides excellent views without disturbing the animals.