Black bears are native to Alabama and are present within the state’s diverse ecosystems. Historically, their numbers declined, but these adaptable mammals are now re-establishing themselves in various regions. This recovery is due to natural processes and ongoing conservation efforts.
Where Black Bears Live in Alabama
Black bears in Alabama primarily inhabit two distinct regions. One population resides in the southwestern part of the state, including Mobile, Washington, and Clarke counties. These are the Florida subspecies, Ursus americanus floridanus. The other population is found in northeast Alabama, in DeKalb, Cherokee, and Etowah counties, encompassing areas like Lookout Mountain and parts of the Talladega National Forest. These northern bears belong to the American Black Bear subspecies, Ursus americanus americanus.
These animals prefer dense forests, swamps, and remote areas that offer ample cover and food sources. They thrive in mixed hardwood and pine forests with thick undergrowth, meadows, wetlands, streams, and ponds. While black bears can be seen anywhere in Alabama, their distribution concentrates in these undisturbed, large tracts of land.
Population Trends and Conservation
Historically, black bears were found throughout Alabama, but their populations declined significantly due to over-harvesting and habitat loss. This led to isolated populations. Consequently, the black bear was listed as a state-protected species to aid its recovery.
Current estimates suggest a statewide population of around 200 black bears. A 2017 Auburn University study estimated approximately 30 bears in the northeast and 85 to 165 in the Mobile and Washington counties area. The northern population has shown significant growth, more than doubling in the four years prior to that study. Despite these gains, Alabama’s black bear population remains one of the smallest and most fragmented in North America.
Conservation efforts are ongoing, led by the Alabama Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries Division (AWFFD) and partners like the Alabama Black Bear Alliance. Research focuses on understanding population size, density, and re-colonization patterns. Although black bears are classified as a game animal in Alabama, there is no open hunting season due to their low numbers. It is illegal to shoot, harm, or harass them. Violations can result in substantial fines, imprisonment, and revocation of hunting and fishing licenses.
Coexisting with Black Bears
Black bears are shy and avoid human interaction. However, they can become accustomed to human presence if they find available food sources, which can lead to conflicts. To minimize issues, residents and visitors should secure all food attractants. Place household garbage in bear-proof containers and only put trash out on collection days, not overnight.
Remove bird and deer feeders at the first sign of bear activity. Feed pets indoors, or ensure outdoor portions are consumed quickly. Clean and store outdoor grills and smokers. Avoiding leaving food in vehicles can also prevent unwanted encounters.
If a black bear encounter occurs, remain calm. Avoid running; instead, back away slowly while standing tall and appearing as large as possible. Make noise, such as speaking assertively or clapping hands, to deter the bear. Avoid direct eye contact and ensure the bear has a clear escape route.
Unprovoked attacks are rare, but if a bear does attack, fight back. Report any bear sightings, especially nuisance behavior, to the Alabama Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries Division or the Alabama Wildlife Federation.