Birds of prey are present in Hawaii, contributing to the islands’ unique biodiversity. The native Hawaiian Hawk, or `ʻIolani`, is the most prominent raptor, found exclusively in Hawaii with significant natural and cultural importance. Other raptor species, both native and introduced, also live across the archipelago.
Hawaii’s Only Native Raptor
The Hawaiian Hawk, or `ʻIolani` (Buteo solitarius), currently breeds only on the Big Island. These medium-sized raptors typically measure between 16 and 18 inches in length, with females generally larger than males. They exhibit two distinct color phases: a dark morph that is predominantly chocolate brown and a lighter morph with a dark head and lighter underparts.
The `ʻIolani` is an opportunistic predator, adapting its diet to available prey, including rodents, insects, and various small birds. These hawks prefer to nest in native `ʻōhiʻa` forests, but can forage in diverse habitats such as agricultural areas, tree plantations, and orchards, from sea level up to 6,500 feet.
Hawaiian Hawks are solitary and territorial, defending their chosen areas year-round. They are non-migratory and often hunt from a stationary perch. Breeding season typically runs from March to September, with females usually laying a single egg. In Hawaiian culture, the `ʻIolani` is a revered symbol of royalty and is considered an `ʻaumakua`, or family guardian spirit.
Other Raptors Found in Hawaii
Beyond the native `ʻIolani`, Hawaii is home to other raptor species, including owls. The Barn Owl (Tyto alba) was introduced to the islands between 1958 and 1963 as a biological control measure for rodent populations. These owls are now common across all main Hawaiian Islands and are easily recognized by their light grey or buff underparts and a distinctive heart-shaped white facial disc.
Barn Owls are primarily nocturnal hunters, preying on small mammals, insects, and other birds. Their presence has raised concerns due to documented predation on native seabirds and potential competition with Hawaii’s native owl species. Unlike the Barn Owl, the Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) has a native Hawaiian subspecies known as the `Pueo` (Asio flammeus sandwichensis), which is endemic to the islands.
The `Pueo` is about 15 inches tall with mottled brown and buff plumage and piercing yellow eyes. A notable characteristic of the `Pueo` is its diurnal hunting habits. They can often be seen soaring over open areas such as grasslands, shrublands, and montane parklands, where they hunt for small mammals and insects. In Hawaiian culture, the `Pueo` also holds cultural significance.
Conservation Efforts for Hawaiian Birds of Prey
Conservation efforts for Hawaii’s raptors largely center on the native `ʻIolani`. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service initially listed the Hawaiian Hawk as endangered in 1967, though it was delisted in 2020 due to improved monitoring and the species’ demonstrated resilience. Despite this delisting, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) currently classifies the `ʻIolani` as Near Threatened, and NatureServe considers it Vulnerable.
The `ʻIolani` faces various threats, including habitat loss from invasive plants, the spread of Rapid `ʻŌhiʻa` Death, and deforestation due to agricultural and development expansion. Introduced predators, such as mongooses, also pose a threat, as do instances of illegal shooting and poisoning. Significant efforts have been made to protect the `ʻIolani`’s habitat through the establishment of protected areas like the Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge and the Kona Forest Unit, alongside broader native forest conservation initiatives.
While the `Pueo` is generally less vulnerable than other native Hawaiian birds, the population on Oahu is currently listed as endangered by the state. Threats to `Pueo` populations include habitat degradation and predation by introduced mammals. Research and monitoring programs, such as the Pueo Project, aim to gather more information to guide conservation actions for this unique diurnal owl.
Where to Observe Raptors in Hawaii
The Big Island offers the best opportunities to see the `ʻIolani`. Good locations include Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, certain areas within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and along Saddle Road. These areas provide diverse habitats where the hawks can be seen soaring or perched.
The `Pueo` can be found across all the main Hawaiian Islands, often spotted in open grasslands, fields, and agricultural areas. Notable locations for `Pueo` sightings include Haleakalā National Park on Maui, Waimea Valley on Oahu, and the Saddle Road area on the Big Island. The `Pueo`’s diurnal nature makes it more visible during daylight hours, particularly in the early morning or late afternoon.
Ethical birdwatching practices are important to ensure the well-being of these birds. Observers should maintain a respectful distance from raptors, especially those nesting, and use binoculars or spotting scopes for closer views. It is important to avoid using bird call playback devices, as these can disturb the birds’ natural behaviors. Staying on designated trails and respecting private property also contributes to responsible wildlife observation.