Beavers are known for their dam-building, which transforms landscapes and shapes aquatic environments, impacting various ecosystems. Many wonder if these creatures inhabit Europe. This article explores the Eurasian beaver’s presence, historical challenges, and current distribution across the continent.
The European Beaver: Presence and Species
Beavers are present in Europe, represented by the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber). This species is native to the continent and is one of two living beaver species globally, the other being the North American beaver (Castor canadensis). While superficially similar, Eurasian beavers have distinguishing characteristics. They typically have a more elongated skull, a narrower tail, and triangular nasal openings. Their fur color also tends to be lighter, with more beige or pale brown coats compared to the North American species.
Eurasian beavers are large rodents, often considered the largest native to Eurasia. They measure between 74 and 100 centimeters in head-to-body length, with a tail adding 25 to 50 centimeters. Their weight ranges from 11 to 30 kilograms, though some individuals can exceed 40 kilograms. These physical traits, along with genetic differences like distinct chromosome counts, confirm the Eurasian beaver as a separate species.
A History of Decline and Return
The Eurasian beaver was once widespread across Europe and Asia, inhabiting forests and wetlands. By the early 20th century, their populations faced near-extinction. This reduction stemmed from intensive hunting for their valuable fur and castoreum, a secretion from their scent glands used in perfumes and traditional medicines.
Habitat loss, due to agricultural expansion and deforestation, also contributed to their demise. By the 20th century, only about 1,200 Eurasian beavers remained in isolated populations from France to Mongolia. Recognizing their ecological significance, conservation efforts began in the early to mid-20th century, notably in the Soviet Union in 1923 with reserves and reintroduction programs. These initiatives, alongside legal protections, marked a turning point for the species.
Where European Beavers Live Today
Thanks to extensive reintroduction programs and natural population spread, the Eurasian beaver has recovered across Europe. By 2020, their population grew to at least 1.5 million individuals, a substantial increase from their early 20th-century low. They are now found in nearly all countries in continental Europe, from Spain and France in the west to Russia and Moldova in the east.
Established populations exist in numerous nations, including Germany, Poland, Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, where they were reintroduced after centuries of absence. The success of these conservation efforts means beavers are recolonizing areas, including densely populated regions once part of their historical range. Their continued expansion suggests the Eurasian beaver will likely become a more common mammal across much of Europe in the coming decades.