Tennessee is home to a thriving population of black bears, Ursus americanus. These animals are an important part of the state’s wildlife, particularly in its eastern regions. Their presence is a testament to successful conservation efforts that have allowed their numbers to rebound.
Where Tennessee’s Bears Roam
Black bears are primarily found in the Appalachian Mountains, especially within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, where an estimated 1,900 bears reside. Their range extends into the Cumberland Plateau and other forested areas across East Tennessee. While historically concentrated in mountainous, densely forested terrain, black bears are increasingly observed in surrounding areas and even further west as their population expands. This recolonization is part of a broader trend of bears reclaiming former territories across the southeastern United States.
Understanding Tennessee’s Black Bears
The black bear is the only bear species native to Tennessee. These omnivorous animals vary in size; adult males typically weigh around 250 pounds, but can reach up to 500 pounds. Females are generally smaller, weighing just over 100 pounds. While named “black bears,” their fur can also appear brown, cinnamon, or even bluish-grey, though black is predominant in Tennessee.
Black bears have a keen sense of smell, allowing them to detect food sources from miles away. They are also adept climbers and can run at speeds exceeding 30 miles per hour. Their diet is highly varied, consisting mostly of plant matter like berries, nuts, and acorns. Insects, larvae, and carrion provide additional protein.
Bears enter dens for winter months, from November through May, a period of reduced activity rather than true hibernation. Mating occurs in late spring to early summer, with one to five cubs born in January or February while the mother is denning.
Staying Safe in Bear Country
Coexisting with black bears requires understanding and practicing appropriate safety measures. Never approach a bear; maintaining a distance of at least 50 yards (150 feet) is necessary, as getting too close can disturb the animal. If a bear notices you, remain calm, avoid running, and slowly back away while making noise. If a black bear makes physical contact or attacks, fighting back aggressively is recommended.
Preventing human-bear conflicts involves securing food and attractants. This means storing garbage and recyclables in bear-resistant containers, keeping pet food indoors, and cleaning and storing grills after use. When hiking or camping, store food in locked vehicles or suspended from trees, and avoid leaving food unattended. These actions help ensure bears do not associate humans with easy food sources, which can lead to dangerous situations for both people and bears.
Conservation and Management
Historically, black bears roamed throughout Tennessee, but their populations faced severe decline due to overhunting and habitat loss. Through conservation efforts and the establishment of protected areas like the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, bear populations began to recover. The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA) plays a central role in managing the state’s bear population, which is estimated to be between 5,500 and 6,000 animals.
TWRA collaborates with various entities to manage populations and promote human-bear coexistence. Their strategies focus on reducing poaching, protecting female bears, and maintaining bear sanctuaries. These efforts have allowed bears to expand their range, leading to increased sightings. The ongoing management aims to ensure a sustainable bear population while educating the public on safe interactions.