Newfoundland is home to black bears, specifically the distinct subspecies Ursus americanus hamiltoni. These are the only bear species found on the island, though polar bears can be found in Labrador.
The Black Bear Population
Newfoundland black bears are generally larger than their mainland counterparts, with adult males typically weighing between 90 and 136 kilograms, though some can exceed 290 kilograms. Females are smaller, averaging 50 to 80 kilograms. Their fur is usually black, sometimes with a white patch on the throat or chest.
These omnivores consume plants, berries, insects, small mammals, and may prey on moose and caribou calves, especially in spring. They also eat carrion or scavenge human-associated foods like garbage. Newfoundland black bears have one of the longest hibernation periods of any North American bear.
They thrive across the island, with an estimated population of 6,000 to 10,000 bears in Newfoundland and Labrador, one of North America’s highest concentrations. This stable population is not endangered. They possess keen hearing, can run up to 55 km/hour, and are proficient swimmers and climbers.
Habitats and Distribution
Black bears are found throughout Newfoundland, although they are less commonly observed on the Avalon Peninsula. They prefer heavily wooded areas and dense bush, including black spruce and balsam fir forests. They also inhabit barrens and coastal regions.
Their home ranges can be extensive, with females occupying 60-250 square kilometers and males up to 850 square kilometers. Areas with abundant food, such as berry-rich barrens or human food waste, often have higher bear concentrations.
Bear Behavior and Avoidance
Black bears are typically most active around dawn and dusk (crepuscular). However, bears near human settlements may become more nocturnal to avoid people. Their foraging habits lead them to seek readily available food, including human garbage, birdseed, and pet food.
Signs of bear presence include tracks, scat, and disturbed vegetation from foraging. To avoid encounters, make noise while hiking, such as talking or clapping, to prevent surprising a bear. Storing food, garbage, and scented items securely in bear-proof containers or vehicles is crucial, as bears are attracted to odors.
Never leave food, pet food, or garbage outside, and clean barbecue grills after use to minimize attractive smells. Bird feeders should be removed from yards between April and November, as they can attract bears. Keeping pets leashed and staying on marked trails can further reduce the likelihood of an encounter.
Safe Encounters
If you encounter a black bear, remain calm. Do not run, as this can trigger a chase response. Instead, slowly back away while facing the bear, ensuring it has an escape route.
Making yourself appear larger by raising your arms or a jacket can help deter a curious bear. Speak in a calm, firm voice to let the bear know you are human and not prey. Avoid direct eye contact, as this can be perceived as a challenge.
If a bear approaches or charges, stand your ground and continue to make yourself look big and speak assertively. Bear spray can be used as a last resort if the bear is within 6 to 9 meters and continues to approach. If a bear makes physical contact, fight back, focusing on the eyes and nose.