The Presence and Return of Bears in Kentucky
Black bears were once common in Kentucky but disappeared by the early 1900s due to extensive logging, unregulated hunting, and habitat destruction. Kentucky’s black bear population (the state’s only species) is not a result of reintroduction efforts. Instead, as vast oak and hardwood forests matured, bears naturally recolonized Kentucky from neighboring states like West Virginia, Virginia, and Tennessee. This natural migration and habitat recovery allowed for the re-establishment of a resident bear population, which has seen significant increases in both numbers and geographic range over the last two decades. The Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources (KDFWR) monitors this growing population, estimated at 1,000 bears in 2025 and growing at 3-7% annually.
Where Bears Live in Kentucky
Black bears are primarily concentrated in Kentucky’s mountainous eastern regions. Core areas include Pine Mountain, Cumberland Gap, and the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area, including counties like Harlan, Bell, Letcher, McCreary, and Wayne. These areas provide ideal habitat with dense, mature hardwood forests on steep slopes and at higher elevations.
As the bear population expands, sightings are becoming more frequent in central and even western Kentucky. While eastern Kentucky remains the most common location, bears have been reported in up to 45 counties, showing their increasing distribution. Young male bears, in particular, often disperse widely during spring and summer, traveling significant distances in search of new territories and mates, leading to appearances in unexpected areas.
Living Safely with Bears
Coexisting with Kentucky’s growing bear population requires understanding and implementing specific safety practices, particularly concerning food attractants. Bears have an exceptional sense of smell; unsecured garbage, pet food, or bird feeders can lure them into residential areas. It is against Kentucky law to feed bears, directly or indirectly, as habituating them to human food can lead to dangerous encounters and potential removal or euthanasia. To prevent this, secure garbage in bear-resistant containers or inside a garage until collection. Remove bird feeders during spring and summer, avoid leaving pet food outdoors overnight, and clean outdoor grills after each use to eliminate odors.
Safety in Bear Country
When recreating in bear country, such as camping or hiking, take specific precautions to minimize the risk of encounters. Campers should store all food in a vehicle or hung at least 10 feet off the ground and 5 feet from a tree, well away from tents. Cooking and eating areas should be at least 100 yards downwind from sleeping areas. Pack out all food scraps and garbage; never bury them. Carrying bear spray and knowing how to use it is an important safety measure.
If You Encounter a Bear
In a bear encounter, remain calm and understand bear behavior. Never approach a bear, especially a female with cubs, and avoid running, which can trigger a chase instinct. If a bear approaches, stand your ground, make yourself appear as large as possible by raising your arms, and make loud noises like yelling or clapping. Slowly back away while continuously facing the bear, providing an escape route.
Black bears are typically shy and usually retreat. However, if a black bear attacks, fighting back aggressively is recommended. Report aggressive bear behavior to the KDFWR to help wildlife officials manage the population.