Bald eagles are a prominent part of Florida’s diverse wildlife, having established a significant presence across the state. Once facing severe population declines, these majestic birds have made a remarkable recovery, making Florida home to one of the largest breeding populations in the contiguous United States. Their enduring presence reflects successful conservation efforts and the state’s suitable habitats.
Presence and Distribution in Florida
Florida hosts one of the densest concentrations of nesting bald eagles among the lower 48 states. These raptors are widely distributed, with nesting territories documented in 64 of Florida’s 67 counties by 2017. Their preferred habitats are near large bodies of water, including rivers, lakes, and coastal areas, providing ample access to food sources. The greatest numbers of nesting territories are found along the Gulf coast and around major inland lake and river systems in peninsular Florida, such as the Kissimmee Chain of Lakes.
Bald eagles use forested habitats for nesting and roosting, with nearly all nests built within 1.8 miles of water. The state’s population has significantly rebounded from a low of just 88 active nests in 1973. By 2014, an estimated 1,499 nesting pairs were recorded, with current estimates suggesting around 1,500 pairs, representing approximately 10% of the breeding population in the lower 48 states. This recovery highlights Florida’s importance as a stronghold for the species.
Ecology and Behavior in Florida
Bald eagles in Florida exhibit behaviors adapted to the state’s warmer climate. Their nesting season begins earlier than in northern states, running from October 1 through May 15. Eagles often start building or repairing nests in late September or early October, with most clutches of one to three eggs laid between December and early January. Incubation lasts about 35 days, and nestlings usually fledge at around 11 weeks of age. These young birds remain with their parents near the nest for four to eleven weeks.
The diet of bald eagles in Florida primarily consists of fish, such as catfish. They are opportunistic foragers, also consuming waterfowl like American coots, and may scavenge carcasses, including roadkill. Florida’s eagles are smaller than their northern counterparts. While most breeding eagles in Florida remain year-round, subadults and non-breeding adults may migrate northward during the summer months.
Conservation and Viewing Opportunities
Bald eagles in Florida are protected by both state and federal laws, despite being removed from endangered species lists. They are protected under the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) rule (68A-16.002, F.A.C.) and federal legislation, including the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. The nationwide ban on the pesticide DDT in 1972 was a significant factor in their recovery, as the chemical caused eggshell thinning and reproductive failure.
Numerous locations across Florida offer opportunities to observe bald eagles responsibly. Notable sites include:
Prairie Lakes Unit of Three Lakes Wildlife Management Area
St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge
Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge
Myakka River State Park
Lake Kissimmee State Park
Sections of Everglades National Park
When viewing eagles, it is important to maintain a respectful distance to avoid disturbing them. The FWC recommends staying at least 330 feet away from nests. Using binoculars or telephoto lenses allows for close observation without intrusion. Observers should avoid making loud noises or sudden movements, never attempt to feed the eagles, and move away if the bird exhibits signs of distress, such as stopping its activity to watch you.