Armadillos are distinctive mammals known for their protective, leathery shell, which provides a natural defense. Originating in the Americas, with most species found in Central and South America, these animals are generally solitary and rely on digging.
Understanding Armadillo Range Expansion
Armadillos are increasingly sighted in Indiana, particularly in the southern regions, as their range continuously expands northward. Since 2003, Indiana has recorded a growing number of sightings, with the nine-banded armadillo, the most common U.S. species, spreading along major river systems like the Wabash and White rivers.
Milder winter temperatures contribute to this movement, as armadillos have low body fat and are susceptible to cold. Changing climate patterns make northern areas more hospitable. Additionally, suitable habitats like deciduous forests with ample leaf litter and loose soil provide shelter and food. While their presence is becoming more common, armadillos are still relatively new to Indiana compared to their historical range further south.
Key Features of Armadillos
Armadillos have several distinctive physical characteristics. Their most notable feature is a hard, bony, segmented shell, or carapace, covering their back, head, and tail. This greyish-brown armor includes flexible bands around the midsection, allowing movement. The nine-banded armadillo typically has seven to eleven such bands.
These animals have long, pointed snouts and small eyes, relying on senses other than sight. Their eyesight is notably poor, but they compensate with a keen sense of smell for locating food. Armadillos also have powerful claws on their short legs, adapted for efficient digging. An average nine-banded armadillo is about 30 inches long, including its tail, and weighs between 8 and 18 pounds.
Interacting with Armadillos
Armadillos are primarily nocturnal, most active at night when foraging for food. Their diet consists mainly of insects, grubs, and other invertebrates, which they unearth by digging. They are solitary animals, preferring to live alone in excavated burrows.
If you encounter an armadillo, observe it from a distance and avoid handling it. Armadillos are typically not aggressive towards humans unless threatened. While the risk is low, armadillos can carry Mycobacterium leprae, the bacteria causing leprosy. Transmission usually requires prolonged direct contact, such as handling the animal or consuming its meat. In Indiana, armadillos are protected by state law; they cannot be captured or killed unless actively causing property damage.