Scotland is home to native snake species. While several species are found across the UK, only one is truly native to Scotland and also venomous. This particular snake is generally shy and poses a minimal threat to humans, typically only biting when provoked or feeling threatened.
Native Scottish Snakes
Scotland’s only native snake is the Adder, scientifically known as Vipera berus. This species is relatively small and stocky, typically measuring 60 to 75 centimeters in length. Adders exhibit a distinctive appearance, usually grey or reddish-brown with a prominent, darker zigzag pattern running along their backs. Males often appear more silvery-grey, while females tend towards lighter or reddish-brown hues. Black forms, known as melanistic adders, are also occasionally observed.
Adders prefer habitats such as heathland, moorland, and woodland edges, often found in sheltered, sunny areas like open glades or dry moorland. They are widespread across the Scottish mainland but are generally absent from many Scottish islands. These snakes hunt small mammals, lizards, and ground-nesting birds, using their venom to immobilize prey. Adders hibernate from October, emerging in the first warm days of March to bask in the sun, which is the easiest time to spot them.
While the Adder is the sole native snake, the Grass Snake (Natrix helvetica) has also been recorded in Scotland, primarily in the south. Its presence is limited, and some records may relate to escaped pets. The Smooth Snake (Coronella austriaca) is another species found in the UK, but it is rare and largely confined to southern English heathlands, making its wild presence in Scotland highly unlikely.
Encountering Snakes in Scotland
Encounters with snakes in Scotland are most probable during warmer months (March to October), when Adders emerge from hibernation. They often bask on sun-exposed surfaces like rocks, paths, or dense vegetation to regulate their body temperature. If a snake is encountered, remain calm and observe it from a distance, allowing it ample space to move away. Adders are timid and generally prefer to avoid human interaction, often slithering into cover rather than confronting.
Adder bites are rare and usually occur when the snake feels threatened, such as when it is accidentally trodden on or handled. Typically, 50 to 100 human adder bites are reported across Great Britain each year. If a bite does occur, the primary symptoms often include swelling, pain, and discomfort around the affected area. While usually not life-threatening for healthy adults, medical attention should be sought immediately.
For first aid:
- Keep the bitten limb as still as possible and position it below the heart to help slow venom circulation.
- Remove any tight clothing or jewelry near the bite site in case of swelling.
- Do not attempt to suck out the venom, apply a tourniquet, or cut the wound.
- Professional medical evaluation is necessary, especially for children, the elderly, or individuals with pre-existing health conditions.