There are no “poisonous frogs” native to Georgia that pose a significant lethal threat to humans through casual contact. Many amphibians possess skin secretions that can be irritating if ingested or rubbed into sensitive areas like the eyes or mouth. These secretions primarily serve as a defensive mechanism against predators.
Understanding Amphibian Defenses
The terms “poisonous” and “venomous” are often used interchangeably, but they describe different biological defense mechanisms. “Poisonous” animals, like many amphibians, have toxins that are harmful if absorbed, ingested, or inhaled. In contrast, “venomous” animals, such as certain snakes, actively inject toxins through a bite or sting.
Amphibians typically produce toxins within skin glands, releasing them as a deterrent when threatened. These skin secretions act as a defense against predators. For instance, many toads secrete substances called bufotoxins from glands behind their eyes, known as parotoid glands. While these compounds can cause irritation, vomiting, or other adverse reactions if ingested by an animal, they are generally not harmful through simple skin contact with humans.
Amphibians in Georgia: Separating Fact from Fiction
No native frog species in Georgia is highly toxic or dangerous to humans through typical interaction. While many amphibians have mild defensive secretions, these are not usually a concern with brief contact. The Pickerel Frog (Lithobates palustris) is often cited as the only native frog in Georgia with skin secretions potent enough to be toxic to other animals, and potentially irritating to human skin if handled.
Common native amphibians in Georgia, such as the American Toad (Anaxyrus americanus) and Southern Toad (Anaxyrus terrestris), also produce mild skin irritants, including bufotoxins. These substances are primarily distasteful to predators and can cause discomfort if they come into contact with mucous membranes or are ingested, but they are not lethal to humans. Green Tree Frogs (Hyla cinerea), widely found in Georgia, can also secrete substances like Caerulein, which might cause vomiting in pets if ingested, but are not dangerous to humans.
A significant concern is the invasive Cane Toad (Rhinella marina), also known as the Giant or Marine Toad, which has established populations in parts of southern Georgia. These large toads, identifiable by prominent triangular parotoid glands behind their eyes, secrete a highly potent milky toxin. While not native to Georgia, their toxins are considerably more dangerous than those of native species and can be lethal to pets if ingested, causing symptoms like drooling, seizures, and even cardiac arrest.
Safe Practices When Encountering Wildlife
When encountering wildlife, including amphibians, observe them from a distance. This approach protects both the animal and yourself by minimizing stress or accidental exposure to defensive secretions. Avoid unnecessary handling of frogs and toads, allowing them to remain undisturbed in their natural habitats.
If handling an amphibian becomes necessary, such as moving it out of harm’s way, do so gently and with caution. Avoid touching your face, especially your eyes or mouth, during or after contact. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water immediately following any interaction. This simple step helps prevent irritation from skin secretions and reduces the risk of transmitting bacteria like Salmonella, which amphibians can carry.