Florida is home to many amphibian species, including frogs and toads. While most are harmless, a common concern for residents and visitors alike is the potential presence of poisonous species. This article clarifies the nature of poisonous amphibians in Florida and provides guidance on identification and safe interaction.
Defining Poisonous Amphibians
The terms “poisonous” and “venomous” are often used interchangeably, but they describe different biological mechanisms. A poisonous animal secretes toxins from its skin, which are absorbed through contact or ingestion. This is a passive defense.
In contrast, a venomous animal actively delivers toxins, typically through a bite or sting. Amphibians, particularly toads, produce these toxins in specialized skin glands. When threatened, these glands release a milky, irritating substance as a deterrent. Effects can range from mild skin irritation to severe neurological or cardiac symptoms, depending on the specific compounds and the level of exposure.
The Primary Poisonous Species
The primary toxic amphibian in Florida is the non-native Cane Toad (Rhinella marina). Introduced from the 1930s to 1960s primarily for agricultural pest control, it is now widespread in central and south Florida, including urban areas.
Cane Toads have enlarged parotoid glands behind their eyes that secrete bufotoxin, a potent, milky-white substance. This toxin is highly toxic to animals that bite or consume the toad. Bufotoxin exposure can sicken or kill native wildlife and pets, and cause skin irritation or eye burning in humans. All life stages, from eggs to adults, contain these toxins.
Identifying Dangerous Frogs
Identifying the Cane Toad helps prevent accidental exposure. These toads are large, typically 6 to 9 inches long, making them larger than most native Florida toads. They have dry, warty skin, with coloration varying from reddish-brown to grayish-brown, sometimes with darker markings.
Prominent, triangular parotoid glands behind their eyes angle downward onto their shoulders. Unlike native Southern Toads, Cane Toads lack distinct head ridges or “crests.” They are primarily nocturnal, often seen foraging in yards and near water bodies at night.
What To Do If Exposed
Immediate action is crucial if a human or pet comes into contact with Cane Toad toxins. For pets, especially dogs, symptoms of poisoning can appear rapidly and include excessive drooling, frantic or disoriented behavior, brick-red gums, foaming at the mouth, and seizures.
If exposure occurs, immediately wipe the pet’s mouth, gums, and tongue thoroughly with a damp cloth for 10 to 20 minutes, rinsing the cloth frequently. Do not hose out the pet’s mouth, as this can cause water aspiration. After initial decontamination, seek veterinary attention immediately; severe cases can be fatal in as little as 15 minutes.
For humans, direct skin contact causes irritation, and eye contact results in burning. If toxin gets into eyes, flush gently with water for at least 15 minutes, holding eyelids open. If swallowed, clean the mouth and seek medical attention if vomiting, dizziness, or chest pain develop. Wearing gloves when handling any unknown amphibian is a sensible preventative measure.