The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is a natural and thriving inhabitant of Georgia’s aquatic ecosystems. This large, native reptile plays an important role in the state’s wetlands and waterways. Alligators are concentrated in the southern and coastal regions, not distributed evenly across the state. Understanding their habitat and behavior is important for safely coexisting with this predator. Georgia’s estimated alligator population is robust, ranging from approximately 200,000 to 250,000 individuals.
Where Alligators Live in Georgia
The American alligator’s primary range in Georgia is defined by the geological boundary known as the Fall Line. This line runs roughly through the cities of Columbus, Macon, and Augusta. Alligators are found only along and south of this demarcation because cooler temperatures north of the Fall Line prevent natural reproduction. Occasional sightings in the northern part of the state are usually isolated individuals that have been moved there.
The vast majority of the population resides within the Coastal Plain region, which offers the warm temperatures and extensive wetlands they require. Their preferred habitats are diverse, encompassing freshwater swamps, rivers, lakes, and marshes. They are commonly found in the enormous Okefenokee Swamp, one of the largest freshwater wetlands in North America, which holds a dense alligator population.
While alligators are primarily a freshwater species, they tolerate low salinity, allowing them to venture into coastal areas. They can occasionally be encountered in brackish water estuaries, tidal creeks, and salt marshes. They also adapt well to human-altered landscapes, often inhabiting farm ponds, drainage canals, ditches, and golf course ponds throughout southern Georgia.
Population Status and Conservation
The American alligator represents a significant success story in wildlife conservation. Due to unregulated hunting and habitat loss, the species was severely depleted and listed as federally endangered in 1967. Protective measures enacted by state and federal governments ultimately allowed the population to rebound across its range.
The alligator was officially removed from the endangered species list in 1987. It remains protected under the Endangered Species Act only due to its “similarity of appearance” to the endangered American crocodile, which prevents accidental harm to the latter. The Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) oversees the management of this thriving population.
To manage the healthy population and mitigate human-alligator conflict, the state maintains a highly regulated, limited hunting season. The DNR utilizes a quota hunt system to allow for a controlled harvest, ensuring the population remains stable. The DNR also operates a conflict alligator program, which allows licensed trappers to remove nuisance alligators that pose a threat to people or property.
Staying Safe Around Alligators
Coexisting safely with alligators begins with maintaining a respectful distance. Experts advise keeping at least 60 feet (about 18 meters) between yourself and any alligator you encounter. If an alligator hisses or lunges, it indicates you are too close and need to back away slowly.
Feeding alligators, whether intentionally or accidentally, is a significant cause of human-alligator conflict and is illegal under Georgia law (O.C.G.A. ยง 27-3-170). When alligators associate humans with food, they lose their natural fear and become more likely to approach. This includes improperly disposing of fish scraps, bait, or food near the water.
Avoid swimming in natural waters during dawn and dusk, as alligators are most active during these times. Pets should always be kept on a leash and away from the edges of any body of water, as their size and movements can be mistaken for prey. Splashing near the water’s edge can also attract an alligator’s attention.
If an alligator approaches you without provocation, it has likely lost its fear of humans and presents a potential threat. Leave the area immediately and contact the Georgia DNR to report the aggressive animal. Never attempt to capture, harass, or move an alligator yourself, as this is illegal and extremely dangerous.