Missouri, a state known for its varied wildlife, is home to a surprising resident for many: the tarantula. These large, often misunderstood spiders are indeed native to the state, adding to its ecological diversity. Their presence often sparks curiosity and occasional apprehension among residents. This article provides information about these arachnids, from their characteristics to peaceful coexistence.
The Missouri Tarantula Species
The sole native tarantula species found in Missouri is Aphonopelma hentzi, commonly known as the Texas brown tarantula or Missouri tarantula. This spider is recognized as Missouri’s largest, possessing a stocky, hairy body. Its coloration typically features uniformly dark chocolate brown legs and body, often accented by reddish hairs on its carapace. Adult Aphonopelma hentzi can reach a leg span exceeding 10 cm (4 inches) and weigh over 85 grams (3 ounces).
Females average approximately 2 inches in body length, while males are slightly smaller at approximately 1.5 inches, excluding their legs. Despite their appearance, these tarantulas are docile and non-aggressive. They tend to be shy and prefer to evade humans rather than confront them.
Females can live up to 40 years or longer. Males have a much shorter lifespan, typically 7 to 10 years, often less than a year after maturity. These spiders are primarily nocturnal hunters, emerging from their burrows at sunset to forage for insects.
Where Tarantulas Live in Missouri
Tarantulas in Missouri are predominantly found in the southern and central parts of the state. The Missouri River acts as a natural barrier, limiting their movement into northern Missouri. Beyond Missouri, Aphonopelma hentzi has a broader distribution across several southern United States, including Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Louisiana.
These terrestrial spiders thrive in specific environmental conditions. They show a strong preference for dry, rocky glades and grasslands. During the day, they seek shelter in silk-lined burrows, often using abandoned tunnels or natural crevices. They line the entrances of these burrows with webbing, which helps them detect the presence of passing prey.
Understanding Tarantula Behavior and Risk
Missouri tarantulas are docile and non-aggressive, often more afraid of humans than vice versa. Their primary response to threats is to flee and seek cover. A tarantula will only bite as a last option if directly threatened. The venom of Aphonopelma hentzi is not considered medically significant to humans; a bite typically causes pain comparable to a bee sting. Serious symptoms are rare, usually only occurring in individuals with an allergic reaction.
Beyond biting, a common defense mechanism involves flicking urticating hairs from their abdomen. These small, barbed hairs can be propelled towards a threat by the tarantula rubbing its hind legs. Contact with these hairs can result in itching, redness, and swelling on the skin, which may persist for several weeks. If these hairs enter the eyes, they can cause significant irritation and may require medical attention to remove them and prevent complications. Before biting or flicking hairs, a tarantula will often display a warning posture, rearing up on its hind legs and exposing its fangs.
Living Alongside Missouri Tarantulas
Encountering a tarantula in Missouri is unique; observe them without disturbance. It is important to leave them alone and admire them from a distance. These spiders are shy and docile unless provoked, so handling them should be avoided. Handling a tarantula increases the risk of it employing defense mechanisms like biting or flicking urticating hairs.
If a tarantula enters a home, there is no need for alarm or to harm it. They do not typically seek out human dwellings. The recommended removal method is to gently place a clear container, like a cup or bowl, over the tarantula. Then, slide a piece of paper or cardboard underneath the container to trap the spider safely inside. Once contained, the tarantula can be released outdoors in a quiet, dark area away from human activity or traffic. Collecting tarantulas from public lands in Missouri is illegal without a permit.