Spadefoot toads are distinctive amphibians, characterized by their round bodies, short legs, and vertically oriented pupils. They are expert burrowers, using a hardened, spade-like projection on their hind feet to dig backwards into soil. This allows them to remain underground for extended periods, emerging primarily after rainfall. Their potential toxicity often prompts questions, stemming from their defensive behaviors.
Understanding Spadefoot Toad Secretions
Spadefoot toads are not venomous, meaning they do not inject toxins, but they secrete noxious substances from their skin as a defense mechanism when threatened. These secretions, produced from glands within their skin, are distinct from the more potent bufotoxins found in true toads of the Bufonidae family, like the Cane Toad. Their milky or musky secretions primarily deter predators through unpleasant sensations or irritation. The compounds are irritating rather than lethal to larger animals and humans. Unlike true toads, spadefoot toads lack prominent parotoid glands; instead, their skin-based toxicity acts as a deterrent, causing discomfort upon contact or ingestion.
Potential Effects on Humans and Pets
Potential Effects on Humans
For humans, contact with spadefoot toad secretions results in localized irritation, such as redness, itching, or a burning sensation on the skin. If the secretions come into contact with eyes or mucous membranes, individuals might experience watery eyes, sneezing, or a runny nose. Ingesting these secretions, though unlikely, may lead to mild gastrointestinal upset.
Potential Effects on Pets
Pets, especially dogs and cats, are more susceptible to severe reactions due to their tendency to lick, mouth, or ingest the toads. Initial signs in pets include excessive drooling or foaming, pawing at the mouth, and vomiting. More serious symptoms can progress to disorientation, staggering, dilated pupils, tremors, or even seizures. Though less potent than true toad toxins, spadefoot secretions can still cause significant distress in pets.
Safe Encounters and What to Do
Safe Encounters
Avoid handling spadefoot toads with bare hands. If accidental contact occurs, thoroughly wash hands with soap and water to remove any residual secretions. This helps prevent skin or eye irritation. Spadefoot toads are secretive, burrowing amphibians, so encounters are infrequent.
What to Do if a Pet is Affected
If a pet has licked or mouthed a spadefoot toad, prompt action is recommended. Immediately rinse the pet’s mouth thoroughly with a damp cloth, wiping the gums and tongue to remove secretions. It is important to avoid hosing water directly down the pet’s throat, as this could lead to accidental inhalation. Contacting a veterinarian immediately for guidance and to monitor for any developing symptoms is recommended.